Table 1. Summary of Diabetes Prevention Program Cultural Adaptations, by Race/Ethnicity, United States, 2014a .
| Characteristic | Latino (n = 13) | African American (n = 10) | American Indian/ Alaska Native (n = 4) |
Asian American (n = 2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Female only | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Male only | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Youth | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Program modified | ||||
| Diabetes Prevention Program | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| Other | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Cultural adaptation | 13 | 9 | 4 | 2 |
| Adaptation uses theoryb | ||||
| Cultural | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other theory | 7 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Study type | ||||
| Formative only | 4 (mean, 46.3 [range, 16–100]) | 1 (N = 25) | 1 (N = 31) | 1 (N = 127) |
| Pilot/feasibility | 5 (mean, 31.4 [range, 12–91]) | 5 (mean, 32.8 [range, 8–62]) | 1 (N = 64) | 1 (N = 48) |
| Trial | 3 (mean, 175 [range, 69–312]) | 1 (N = 604) | 1 (N = 2,553) | 0 |
| Latino/African American, 1 (n = 183) | ||||
| Level of adaptationc | ||||
| Surface | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Deep | 13 | 6 | 3 | 2 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Weight (eg, loss, BMI) | 7 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
| A1c, glucose, insulin sensitivity | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Physical activity | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Abbreviations: A1c, hemoglobin A1c; BMI, body mass index.
a
Values are whole numbers unless otherwise indicated. Values in columns may not sum to total or may exceed total value for n, because studies could adapt to accommodate more than 1 attribute or could report more than 1 outcome.
b
Theory-driven cultural adaptation process: C, cultural (PEN-3, Castro et al, 2010 [5]); OT, other theory/model (eg, community-based participatory research, social-cognitive theory, grounded theory).
c
Level of adaptation adapted from Resnicow et al (11).