TABLE 1 .
Diversity in WNV outcomes in humansa
| Method | Finding(s) | Study |
|---|---|---|
| Follow-up interviews after blood donor screenings; 3 of 8 indicator symptoms = symptomatic | 26% of WNV-infected individuals become symptomatic | Zou et al. 2010 (44) |
| PBMCs from WNV-infected blood donors screened for WNV-specific IFN-γ response by ELISPOT | The NS4b epitope is widely recognized across responders; the highest-magnitude T cell responses are mediated by CD8+ T cells | Lanteri et al. 2008 (15) |
| Longitudinal neurologic studies in patients with WNV paralysis | 41% of patients experience neurologic weakness and/or tremor 1 yr after acute illness | Hayes et al. 2005 (45), Sejvar 2007 (4) |
| WNV+ and WNV− blood donors compared for CCR5Δ32 distribution | CCR5 deficiency is a risk factor for early clinical manifestations of WNV infection but not viral transmission | Lim et al. 2010 (7) |
| Examination of Treg frequency following acute WNV infection to 1 yr postinfection | Treg frequency increases after WNV infection; symptomatic subjects exhibit lower Treg levels than asymptomatic subjects | Lanteri et al. 2009 (16) |
| Retrospective chart review; 57 patients examined for clinical features of disease | 56% with WNV neuroinvasive disease, 44% with West Nile fever | Petersen et al. 2012 (17) |
a
Abbreviations: PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay.