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. 2015 May 18;10(5):e0127278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127278

Fig 3. Inflammasome priming by Francisella is independent of bacteria internalization.

Fig 3

Human monocytes were pretreated for 30 min with latrunculin A (Latr) (200 nM) and cytochalasin D (Cyto D) (5 μg/ml) and infected with F. novicida for 16 h. CFU of internalized bacteria (A) and IL-18 release (B) were counted. Monocytes treated with latrunculin and cytochalasin D as in A, B and then primed with Francisella for 30 min followed by ATP (5mM) for 30 min were analyzed for IL-18 in cell culture media by ELISA (C). Data represent mean ± SEM, n = 3 independent experiments. * p<0.05. White bars—overnight model, black bars—rapid priming model. ND—not statistically different.