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| General anesthesia |
| Hemodynamic instability |
| Patient already intubated/ventilated |
| Empyema, decortication anticipated |
| Solitary pulmonary nodule |
| Pericardial effusion |
| Local anesthesia/sedation |
| Hemodynamic stability |
| Large unilateral pleural effusion |
| Empyema |
| Diffuse lung disease, multiple nodules |
| Pericardial effusion with coexisting pleural effusion |
| Chronic hemothorax |
