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. 2015 May 5;2015:846045. doi: 10.1155/2015/846045

Table 4.

In vivo studies on musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.

Tissue type PRP formulation PRP  
combination		 Blood volume (mL) Centrifugation 
(number of spins)		 PRP volume  
(mL)		 Platelet concentration Activator 
(+/−)		 Leukocytes  
(+/−)		 PAW classification Reference
Mice dorsum PRP 5–10–15% PRP + ADSCs-microspheres 30 mL 2 NS NS 500 U bovine thrombin in 1 mL 10% CaCl2 NS x [12]
Rat limb PRP L-M-H PRP + BMSCs 40 mL 2 NS High: 4358 ± 265 × 103 
Medium: 1453 ± 88 × 103 
Low: 48 ± 29 × 103 
(platelets/μL)		 CaCl2/thrombin NS P4-x 
P4-x 
P1-x		 [13]
Sheep 
sternum		 PRGF PRGF 40 mL 1 NS NS CaCl2 NS x [30]
Rat 
tibia		 PRP PRP 20 mL 2 10–15% of total 1 × 106/μL CaCl2 NS P3-x [31]
Rat 
calvaria		 PRP PRP 3.15 mL 2 0.35 mL 1852.307 ± 1084.85 × 103/µL CaCl2 NS P4-x [32]
Rat 
calvaria		 PRP PRP 3.15 mL 2 0.35 mL 2977.66 ± 1174.83 × 103/ 
µL		 10% CaCl2 
25% thromboplastin		 NS P4-x [33]
Rat 
femur		 PRP PRP NS 2 NS NS CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS x [34]
Mouse 
calvaria		 PRF PRF NS NS NS NS NS NS Not applicable [35]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP 10 mL 1 ~0.9 mL NS CaCl2 NS x [36]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP 
PPP		 PRP 
PPP		 130 mL 2 NS 900,000/µL Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS P3-x [37]
Ovx. rat 
femur		 PRP -H-PRP; 
-M-PRP; 
-L-PRP; 
-PPP		 NS 3 NS H-PRP: 8.21 ± 0.4 × 109/mL; M-PRP: 2.65 ± 0.2 × 109/mL; L-PRP: 0.85 ± 0.16 × 109/mL; PPP: 8 ± 0.5 × 106/mL Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS P4-x 
P4-x 
P3-x 
P3-x		 [38]
Ovx. mice 
femur		 PRP PRP NS NS NS NS NS NS Not applicable [39]
Mini. pig 
tibia		 PRP PRP + AB 120 mL 1 20 mL NS Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS x [40]
Rabbit 
tibia		 PRP PRP + AB 10 mL 2 NS NS CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS x [41]
Rabbit 
tibia		 PRP PRP + AB 10 mL 1 0.5 mL NS CaCl2 NS x [42]
Rat 
calvaria		 PRP PRP 50–100–150 µL + AB 3.15 mL 2 0.35 mL 2611.80 ±  
313.34 × 103/µL		 CaCl2 NS P4-x [43]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + AB 40 mL 1 NS NS CaCl2 NS x [44]
Rat 
calvaria		 PRP PRP 50–100–150 µL + AB 3.15 mL 2 0.35 mL 2,718.46 ± 359.65 × 103 platelets/µL. CaCl2 NS P4-x [45]
Rabbit 
femur		 PRP PRP + Bioss Collagen 4 mL NS NS NS NS NS Not applicable [46]
Dog tibia PRP PRP + Bio-Oss 20 mL 2 NS 1.380.000 CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS Not applicable [47]
Rat 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + FFBA 3.15 mL 2 0.35 mL 2,628.8 ± 603.07 × 103/µL CaCl2 NS P4-x [48]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + particulated AB 38 mL 1 5 mL 1,7 × 106  ±  680,200/µL Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		13.42 × 109/L P4-x [49]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + AB 15 mL 2 1 mL 2,4 × 106  ±   
1,5 × 106/μL		 CaCl2 NS P4-x [50]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + AB 15 mL 2 1 mL 2.564 × 106  ±  
1.621 × 106/μL		 CaCl2 NS P4-x [51]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP* + AB 
PRP° + AB		 10 mL 1* 
2°		 1 mL* 
0.5 mL°		 NS CaCl2 NS x [52]
Rabbit  
calvaria		 PRP hPRP + AB 10 mL 2 1 mL 2.414.720 ± 1547.862 platelets/mL CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS P1-x [53]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + AB + receptor bed 10 mL 2 NS 1,2 × 106 platelets/mm3 Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS P3-x [54]
Goat's 
frontal bone		 PRP PRP + AB 250 mL NS NS 800 × 109/L CaCl2/ 
bovine thrombin		 NS P3-x [55]
Goat's 
frontal bone		 PRP PRP + AB + BioOss 250 cm3 4 NS 800–1000 × 109/L CaCl2/ 
bovine thrombin		 NS P3-x [56]
Rabbit 
femur		 PRGF PRGF + DBBM 10 mL 1 1 mL NS CaCl2 NS x [57]
Rabbit 
radius		 PRP hPRP + HA 500 mL 1 NS 2,422 × 109L NS NS P4 [58]
Mini. pig's 
subcutis		 PRP PRP + Bovine HA or Phycogenic HA or Bioglass 250 mL NS NS 483.8 ± 97.2 × 103/µL NS 24.8 ± 8.9 × 103/µL P2-A [59]
Rabbit 
condyle		 PRP PRP + CPC NS NS NS NS NS NS Not applicable [60]
Mini. pig 
tibia		 PRP PRP + Ca-P 120 mL 2 20 mL NS Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS x [61]
Rat 
cranium		 PRP PRP + HA or β-TCP NS NS NS NS CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS x [62]
Rabbit 
radius		 PRP PRP + BG 10 mL 1 0.8 mL NS CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS x [63]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + rhBMP2-BCP 10 mL 2 NS 78.1 ± 1.62 × 104/mm3 CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS P3-x [64]
Rabbit 
iliac crest		 PRP PRP + ringed PTFE vascular grafts + HA or collagen gel beads 5 mL 2 0.18 mL 1,100 ± 332 × 103/µL NS NS P3 [65]
Rabbit 
radius		 PRP PRP + Ti + Bone 10 mL 2 1 mL 1.0– 
1.5 × 1012 thrombocytes/L		 Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS P3-x [66]
Nude rat 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + PGA + rhBMP-2 NS NS NS NS CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS x [67]
Rat 
femur		 PRP PRP + PCL-TCP 10 mL 2 1.5 mL ~600 × 103platelets/mL CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS P2-x [68]
Rat 
ulna		 PRP PRP + gelatin hydrogel + SEW2871-micelles 10 mL 2 1 mL NS CaCl2 NS x [69]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP Activated/inactivated PRP + gelatine hydrogel NS NS ~0.8 mL NS Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS x [70]
Cattle 
hoof		 PRP PRP + Gelatin microspheres + alginate NS 2 1 mL 152.8 ± 98.7 × 104 platelets/μL CaCl2 NS P4-x [71]
Rabbit 
radius		 PRP hPRP + Persian Gulf Coral 500 mL NS NS 2422 × 109/L NS NS P4 [72]
Rabbit 
radius		 PRP hPRP + coral NS NS NS 2422 × 109/L NS NS P4 [73]
Rabbit 
cranium		 PRP PRP + chitosan sponge 8 mL 2 0.6-0.7 mL NS CaCl2 NS x [74]
Rabbit 
fibula		 PRP APC + HBO 2.5 mL 1 1.5 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [75]
Beagles 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + PDBM or Lactosorb or BMP 27 mL 1 3 mL NS CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS x [76]
Goats 
cranium		 PRP rPRP or hPRP or gPRP + HA or β-TCP; 
hPRP + bone		 500 mLh  
250 cm3 g 		NS NS NS CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS x [77]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + β-TCP 8 mL 2 0.7 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [78]
Rabbit 
spinal fusion		 PRP PRP + Calcium Carbonate + HA 54 mL 2 10 mL NS thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS x [79]
Ovx. rat 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + CA + Mel 4 mL NS 325 µL NS NS NS Not applicable [80]
Porcine skull PRP PRP + ankyloss graft NS NS NS 118 ± 12 
thrombocytes 1000/µL		 CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 4.3 ± 1.9 leukocytes 
1000/µL		 P1-x-B [81]
Goats tibia PRP PRP liquid or PRP gel + non-coated or Ca-P-coated implant 250 mL NS 7.5 mL 800–1200 × 106/mL CaCl2/ 
bovine thrombin		 NS P3-x [82]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + BMSCs 10 mL 2 1 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [83]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + induced/uninduced BMSCs 7 mL 2 NS NS CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS x [84]
Mice 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + BMSCs 2.0 mL 2 NS NS 10% calcium gluconate NS x [85]
Sheep 
tibia		 PRP hPRP + ADSCs   2 NS 1.0 × 109/mL CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS P3-x [86]
Nude mice 
inguinal groove		 PRP hPRP + hADSCs 400 mL 3 NS NS Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS x [87]
Rat calvaria PRP PRP + BCP or MSCs NS 2 0.5 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [88]
Rabbit 
radius		 PRP PRP + CDHA + BMSC NS NS NS NS CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS x [89]
Rabbit 
radius		 PRP PRP + CDHA + MSC NS NS NS NS Thrombin/ 
CaCl2 		NS x [90]
Rabbit 
ulna		 PRP Gel Membrane PRP + rBMSCs + nanohydroxypaptite poly (ester urethane) NS 3 NS 3 × 106 platelets/µL NS NS P4 [91]
Rabbit tibia PRP PRP + β-TCP + BMC 9 mL 1 NS NS Calcium gluconate NS x [92]
Nude mice cranium PRP PRP + β-TCP +  
BMAC		 27 mL NS NS NS NS NS Not applicable [93]
Rabbit 
calvaria		 PRPGF PRGF + Nano-HA granule + MSCs 10 mL 1 1 mL NS CaCl2 NS x [94]
Rabbit 
radius		 PRP PRP + DPB + MSCs 60 mL 2 NS 12.87 ± 0.848 ×  
106/μL		 CaCl2/ 
thrombin		 NS P4-x [95]
Rat 
calvaria		 PRP PRP + BiOss + BMSCs 3 mL 2 0.5 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [18]
Rabbit patellar tendon PRP PRP 8 mL 1 2 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [96]
Rabbit patellar tendon PRP PRP 8 mL 1 2 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [97]
Rabbit Achilles tendon PRP PRP  8 mL 1 2 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [98]
Horse SDFT PRP PRP NS NS 3 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [99]
Horse SDFT PRP PRP NS NS 3 mL 639.7 ± 103.2 × 109/L NS 42.1 ± 16.7 × 109/L P2-A [100]
Rat patellar tendons PRP PRP 60 mL 2 NS 523.8 × 104/mL NS NS P1 [101]
Rat 
rotator cuff		 PRP PRP 5 mL 2 NS 13.8 × 109 platelets/L NS NS P1 [102]
Rat Achilles tendon PRP PRP NS 2 NS (2.2–2.9) × 106/mm3 CaCl2 1 × 102/mm3  P4-x-B [103]
Rat 
tendon-from-bone supraspinatus tear		 PRP PRP 7-8 mL 2 NS NS CaCl2/thrombin NS x [104]
Rabbit 
Achilles tendon		 PRP PRP 8 mL NS 2 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [105]
Sheep Achilles tendon PRGF PRGF 20 mL 1 2 mL NS CaCl2 NS x [106]
Rabbit 
intrasynovial flexor tendons		 PRPF PRP/PRPF 10 mL 2 ns 313.5 (±72.3) × 104  μL CaCl2/thrombin NS P4-x [107]
Rat patellar tendon PC PC 9 mL 1 0.5 mL 445–862 thousand/mm3 NS NS P2/P3-x [108]
Sheep 
DDFT		 PRP PRP + 10 × 106 autologous PB-MSCs 18 mL NS 3/5 mL 882 ± 199 × 103 platelet/μL NS NS P3 [109]
Rabbit 
Achilles tendon		 PRP PRP + 1 × 107 ADSCs 10 mL 2 NS NS CaCl2 NS x [110]
Sheep Achilles tendon PRPFM PRPFM + APD 9 mL NS NS NS NS NS Not applicable [111]
Rat Achilles tendon PRP PRP + Collagen sponge + TSCs 20 mL 2 NS 8 × 109 platelets/L NS NS P1 [112]
Mice abdominal cavities PRCR 10% PRCR in DCs 50 mL 2 NS 10.0 × 108 platelets/mL CaCl2 NS P3-x [113]
Rabbit articular cartilage PRP PRP + PLGA 16 mL 2 0.8 mL 125.59 × 104/μL NS NS P4 [114]
Sheep articular cartilage PRP PRP + collagen-HA 20 mL 1 NS 874 ± 87 × 103/μL CaCl2 NS P3-x [115]
Caprine articular cartilage PRP PRP + DBM 27 mL 1 3 mL 1511 × 109/L NS NS P4 [116]
Rabbit articular cartilage PRP PRP + chondrocytes 10 mL 2 1 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [117]
Rabbit articular cartilage PRP PRP + BMSCs 
PRP + ADSCs		 18 mL 2 0.5 mL 16.7 ± 1.1 × 108/mL Ca NS P4-x [118]
Rabbit articular cartilage PRP PRP + SDMC 9 mL 2 1 mL 2103.56 ± 479.5 × 103/mL NS NS P4 [119]
Rat articular cartilage PRP PRP + hydrogel + chondrocytes 40 mL 2 NS 1240.9 ± 86.1 × 104/µL NS NS P4 [120]
Rabbit articular cartilage PRP PRP + hydrogel + chondrocytes 10 mL 2 NS NS NS NS Not applicable [121]
Mini pig articular cartilage PRP PRP + BMSCs + biphasic scaffold 60 mL 1 10 mL 2.2 ± 0.57 × 106 cells Thrombin/CaCl2 NS Not applicable [122]
Rabbit articular cartilage PRP Autologous cartilage fragments + hyaluronic acid derivative + human fibrin glue + PRP 8 mL 2 400 µL 858 × 103 platelets/mm3 (range 642–1,085) NS NS P3 [123]
Sheep cartilage PRP PRP + microfractures 60 mL 2 6–8 mL 1415 ± 164 × 103/mL Fibrinogen 
Thrombin		 NS P1-x [124]
Rat articular cartilage PRP PRP + microfractures NS 2 NS 13.8 × 109 platelets/L NS NS P1 [125]
Porcine ACL PRP Collagen-PRP hydrogel 60 mL 2 9 mL NS NS NS Not applicable [126]
Canine ACL PRP Collagen-PRP hydrogel NS 1 NS NS NS NS Not applicable [127]
Canine ACL PRP Collagen-PRP hydrogel NS NS NS NS NS + Not applicable [128]
Mini. pig ACL PRP 3X or 5X PRP + collagen scaffold NS NS NS 1951 ± 304 × 109/L 
1161 ± 179 × 109/L		 NS NS P4 
P3		 [129]
Rabbit 
ACL		 PRP PRP + DPB NS 2 NS NS CaCl2/bovine thrombin NS x [130]
Canine ACL PRP PRP 20 mL 3 1 mL 669 ± 51 × 109 platelets/L NS NS P2 [131]

Not specified (NS), biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), platelet-rich growth factor (PRGF), autologous bone (AB), hydroxyapatite (HA), calcium phosphate cement (CPC), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), calcium aluminate (CA), rabbit BMSC (rBMSC), deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), allogeneic-mesenchymal stem cells (aMSC), titanium (Ti), human adipose derived stem cell (hADSC), human PRP (hPRP), fresh frozen bone allograft (FFBA), autogenous bone (AB), hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy, autologous platelet concentrate (APC), adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASC), calcium phosphate (Ca-P), autogenous particled bone (APB), allogeneic BMSC (aBMSCs), acellular porcine dermal patch (APD) polyglycolic acid (PGA), recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMP2), platelet-poor plasma (PPP), rat PRP (rPRP), human PRP (hPRP), goat (gPRP), perforated bone matrix (PDBM), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), polycaprolactone-20% tricalcium phosphate (PCL-TCP), (5-[4-phenyl-5-(trifluoromethyl) thiophen-2-yl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] 1,2,4-oxadiazole) SEW2871, borate glass (BG), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), deproteinized bone matrix (DPB), low-medium-high PRP (L-M-H PRP), bone marrow cells (BMC), adipose derived stem cell (ADSC) bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), platelet-rich plasma fibrin matrix (PRPFM), concentrate plasma (PC), platelet-rich plasma-clot release (PRCR), plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), PRP with fibrin matrix (PRPF), tendon stem cells (TSCs), periferal blood mesenchymal stem cells (PB-MSCs), adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), white blood cells (WBC), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), demineralized bone matrix (DBM), hydroxyapatite (HA), synovial membrane derived mesenchymal stem cell (SDMC), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC), adipose derived stem cell (ADSC), deproteinized bone (DPB), and calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium (Ca).

*Anitua method. °Sonnleitner method.

PAW classification: P1 (≤baseline), P2 (>baseline-750,000), P3 (>750,000–1,250,000), P4 (>1,250,000), x (exogenous activation), A (above baseline), B (below baseline), h (human), and g (goat).