Abstract
Background
One of the most important factors affecting relapse of addiction is craving beliefs of substance use. The goal of the present study was assessment of the effectiveness of coping skills education program to reduce craving beliefs among opium addicts.
Methods
In a randomized controlled trial, during September 2011 to August 2012, 70 opium addicted men referred to the Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center in Hamadan, western Iran were assigned to intervention group (receiving coping skills education program) and control groups. The study information was analyzed using SPSS software.
Results
Regarding craving beliefs for continuing drug use, the two groups had similar scales at the beginning of interventional program, while the level of these beliefs was significantly reduced in the intervention group (P= 0.002), but not in the control group (P= 0.105). Also, a significant correlation was also revealed between taking advantage of the educational program and increase awareness of the signs of relapse in the intervention group (P=0.003) that was not revealed in the control (P= 0.174). On the other hand, executing coping skills education program led to reducecraving beliefs and improve knowledge towards signs of relapse.
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate positive impact of coping skills education program after detoxification process on decrease of craving beliefs among opium addicts.
Keywords: Addiction, Belief, Substance abuse, Coping, Iran
Introduction
Drug addiction is a major problem in society ruining the life and leading to use of national assets for combating addiction and its defects. Unfortunately, the number of addicts is gradually elevating that suffer from its physical, mental, cultural, familial, economical, as well as social consequences of addiction. Our community is prone to turning to substance use because of its especial conditions such as cultural aspects, myths, and special geographical conditions (neighborhood with a large national producer of opium) (1). Addiction is a disorder with clinical, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms affected by social, psychological, biological, and pharmacological factors. Social factors are more affect onset of substance use and biological factors affects continuing its consumption (2). In this century, illegal smuggling of narcotics, psychotropic drugs, and substances has turned into a social crisis. Currently, more than 26 million annual deaths occur due to drug use worldwide ant it will rise to more than 40 million within next 20 years that more than a third of it will occur in developing countries (3). Addiction to legal and illegal drugs is widespread in the past few decades and now; nearly a thousand addictive drug, stimulant and sedative agents have been identified usable through various methods such as eating, smoking, injection and inhalation. Unfortunately, the statistics published by international organizations such as the UNDCP, UNESCO, WHO indicate the increasing use of this material worldwide and only difference between countries is the utilization patterns of these materials (4). Furthermore, one of the main challenges of behavioral scientists is high rate of relapse following drugs withdrawal that after withdrawal, the addicts has an intense desire to experience substance use again. This feeling may be observed a few hours after drug withdrawal to several months after treatment. This phenomenon is usually reported in the first months of detoxification and gradually reduced its frequency and severity (5).
Studies show that 20 to 90 percent of under-treated addicts may experience relapse (6). It should be noted that addiction is a disease that expresses with the three biological, psychological and social features that all of them are in need of treatment and evaluation. Since, it is more important that opium addicts try to leave drug use repeatedly, but after a while, they turn back toward addiction. Recurrent relapses of addiction can prevent daily regular activities, and reduce confidence, accountability, and efficiency, and thus destroy family foundation. In addition, family problems can be resumed, mistrust of family members is strengthened, and acceptance of the next addiction leaving is more difficult (7).
In this context, the relationship between drug craving and relapse has been noted in several studies (8–10). Drug craving has been defined as tendency or compulsion to abuse substances. The studies have shown that drug craving disrupts attention in addicted ones and the individuals who experience relapses are more motivated by substances in comparison with other addicts and thus, the former group experience drug craving more (8). In this regard, studies have indicated that the ability to deal efficiently can reduce symptoms of psychopathology and thus by modifying appropriate education programs; coping with stressful conditions can be taught (1).
The goal of the present study was assessment of the effectiveness of coping skills education program to reduce craving beliefs among opium addicts.
Materials & Methods
Study subjects
This randomized before-after controlled trial was carried out on 70 opium addicted men referred to the Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center in Hamadan, western Iran between September 2011 and August 2012. The inclusion criteria were referring to detoxification, negative morphine test, and volunteering withdrawal. After coordination with officials of addiction research center in the university, two addiction centers were randomly selected from all centers in Hamadan City (the intervention center containing 35 addicts receiving coping skills education program and the control center containing 35 addicts as the control). All the participants were explained about the aim of the study and were ensured the confidentiality of information. Also, all participants were enrolled with their desire and their written consent was received.
This study was conducted with approval from Hamadan University of Medical Sciences’ institutional review board. Furthermore, this study was registered by Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT2013092314736N1).
Intervention procedure
The coping skills training program was performed on intervention group including drug addicts in withdrawal. The two intervention and control groups were assessed three months after executing interventional program and the groups were evaluated at the two study time points (before and 3 months after the program schedule). Participants who did not participate regularly in sessions were not included into the trial. The participants were individually educated based on the opinion polls. The educational planning in this study was based on active learning and the educational intervention was an attempt to have participants actively participated in the educational program. Educational programs for participants in the intervention group were held on 45 to 60-minute training sessions. Training sessions included: the processes of substance abuse, common types of materials used, effects and consequences of substance use, wrong beliefs associated with drug use, awareness of the signs and symptoms of relapse and coping skills training, including stress management skills, skills to resist pressure, problem solving skills, communication skills, and anxiety management. In order to further support the patients, the families of patients (mostly spouses) were invited to become more familiar with the program and help the patients in the trend of addiction treatment.
Data collection tools
The study information were collected using a self-administered questionnaire consisted of three parts of demographic information, information for craving beliefs for continuing drug use, and information for awareness of the symptoms of recurrence. The first section included 15 questions about baseline variables such as age, age of the onset of drug use, occupational status, education level, marital status, history of smoking, and history of alcohol consumption, the use of the variety of substances such as opium, crack, cocaine, crystal, heroin, and cannabis. The second part was structured as the questionnaire for assessment of craving beliefs for continuing drug use including 20 questions with likert-scale questions. The reliability of this section was assessed through internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) as 0.88. The third section was specified to assessing awareness of the signs of relapse that was scored as 0 to 10 (higher score indicating more awareness). The reliability of this part based on the Split Half method as 0.65.
Statistical analysis
Results were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for the quantitative variables and percentages for the categorical variables. The groups were compared using the Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test for the continuous variables and the chi-square test (or Fisher’s exact test if required) for the categorical variables. Changes in the scores of craving beliefs and awareness were compared in each group using paired t test. P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
The average age of participants was 34.85 years in the case group and 35.94 in the control group. The two interventional and control groups were matched for baseline variables including age, age of the onset of substance use, educational level, and occupation status, marital state and first substance used (Table 1).
Table 1:
Baseline characteristics of study population
| Characteristics | Intervention group (n = 35) |
Control group (n = 35) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 34.85/9.02 | 35.94/7.64 | 0.440 |
| Age of onset of drug use, year | 20.54/5.16 | 21.85/7.64 | 0.341 |
| Education level | 0.494 | ||
| Primary | 8 (22.9) | 7 (20.0) | |
| Secondary | 10 (28.6) | 14 (40.0) | |
| Diploma | 15 (42.9) | 10 (28.6) | |
| College degree | 2 (5.7) | 4 (11.4) | |
| Marital status | 0.640 | ||
| Married | 27 (77.1) | 30 (85.7) | |
| Single | 6 (17.1) | 4 (11.4) | |
| Divorced | 2 (5.7) | 1 (2.9) | |
| First drug used | 0.563 | ||
| Opium | 27 (77.1) | 29 (82.9) | |
| Hashish | 7 (20.0) | 6 (17.1) | |
| Crack | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) |
The most common substance used in both group was opium (in half of the patients) followed by hashish and crack.
Regarding craving beliefs for continuing drug use (Table 2), the two groups had similar scales at the beginning of interventional program, while the level of these beliefs was significantly reduced in the intervention group (P= 0.002) but not in the control group (P= 0.105). Also, a significant correlation was also revealed between taking advantage of the educational program and increase awareness of the signs of relapse in the intervention group (P=0.003) that was not revealed in the control (P= 0.174). On the other hand, executing coping skills education program led to reduce craving beliefs and improve knowledge towards signs of relapse (P<0.05).
Table 2:
Mean score of craving beliefs and awareness of the signs of relapse
| Characteristics | Before intervention | After intervention | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Craving beliefs | |||
| Intervention group | 49.21/15.19 | 41.96/12.38 | 0.002 |
| Control group | 51.00/15.78 | 48.83/15.21 | 0.105 |
| Awareness | |||
| Intervention group | 5.84/2.31 | 6.71/2.45 | 0.003 |
| Control group | 5.33/1.66 | 5.63/1.62 | 0.174 |
Discussion
Our results showed a significant reduction in the mean scores of craving beliefs in the intervention group after the training program that was absolutely consistent with the previous similar studies (11–14). As we previously described, drug craving disrupts attention in addicted ones and the individuals who experience relapses are more motivated by substances in comparison with other addicts and thus, the former group experience drug craving more. In addition, Drug means tendency or compulsion to abuse substances (8). Thus, anyone who has more craving beliefs is more likely to continue drug use. Allahveripour and his colleagues pointed to the negative attitude towards drug consumption in reducing its use (11). Coping skills training can cause an imbalance in individual through changes in lifestyle and reduce drug use and also prevent relapse through developing the necessary capabilities to deal with an urgent desire to consume substance and avoiding being insituations thatare likely to recur (12). In the treatment and prevention of relapse, the major risk factors for recurrence werepositive and negative emotional states, desire and temptation, and interpersonal conflicts (13). Regarding prevention of drug craving, craving after intervention among patients was significantly lower that before (14). Thus, it seems that educational programs have beneficial resultsin reducing drugs consumption and also preventing relapse rate.
The present study also indicated high effectiveness of coping skills education program in improving awareness of the signs of relapse in the intervention group after intervention and also in comparison with the controls that was in consistent with the previous observations. Similarly, one of the approaches to drug abuse prevention was to disseminate information on the consequences of drug abuse (12). Jalilian and Barati also emphasized the benefit of training sessions onknowledge of participants towards substance abuse and its consequences (15, 16). Some researchers believe that although these programs can increase awareness on consequences of drug abuse, but have little impact on drug consumption (17) that should be more evaluated.
The potential limitation of the present study was our small sample size, performing study only on men, and low collaboration of patients’ families.
Conclusion
Emphasis on drug therapy alone, lack of facilities, and lack of appropriate coping skills can be underlying barriers for preventing relapse among addicts in withdrawal. According to this fact that several studies have shown usefulness of the use of consulting supports and coping skills among these addicted patients, providing continuous training programs and appropriate coping skills under the supervision of an experienced psychologist in the addiction treatment centers is recommended. This approach creates incentives to increase social support and learn coping skills to deal with problems related to drug use.
Ethical considerations
Ethical issues (Including plagiarism, Informed Consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc.) have been completely observed by the authors.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. We thank the University authorities who offered critical administrative support and managerial services in carrying out the study and also all researchers for their help and support. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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