Table 1.
1960 Characteristics of Counties Receiving Community Health Centers, 1965–1980
| CHC established in
|
Full sample
|
Reweighted sample
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1965–1967 (N = 26) (1) |
1968–1970 (N = 32) (2) |
1971–1974 (N = 56) (3) |
1975–1980 (N = 497) (4) |
CHC before 1975 (N = 114) (5) |
Other counties (N = 2930) (6) |
p-value on t-test of difference (5)–(6) (7) |
Other counties (N = 2930) (8) |
p-value on t-test of difference (5)–(8) (9) |
|||
| Mean total 1960 population | 675,466 | 432,075 | 249,452 | 76,512 | 397,876 | 38,784 | <0.01 | 81,043 | 0.33 | ||
| Percent of total 1960 population: | |||||||||||
| in urban area | 74.6 | 74.8 | 57.8 | 36.3 | 66.4 | 30.5 | <0.01 | 87.2 | 0.39 | ||
| in rural area | 4.5 | 4.0 | 10.3 | 18.9 | 7.2 | 23.4 | <0.01 | 2.0 | 0.41 | ||
| in Northeast | 15.4 | 15.6 | 19.6 | 13.5 | 17.5 | 6.6 | <0.01 | 3.2 | 0.52 | ||
| in Midwest | 23.1 | 18.8 | 16.1 | 19.3 | 18.4 | 35.1 | <0.01 | 10.5 | 0.71 | ||
| in South | 38.5 | 40.6 | 44.6 | 53.1 | 42.1 | 45.6 | 0.47 | 17.2 | 0.51 | ||
| in West | 23.1 | 25.0 | 19.6 | 14.1 | 21.9 | 12.8 | <0.01 | 69.0 | 0.28 | ||
| under 5 years of age | 11.0 | 11.8 | 12.3 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 11.1 | <0.01 | 13.4 | 0.33 | ||
| 65 or older | 9.7 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 9.6 | 8.7 | 10.7 | <0.01 | 4.1 | 0.28 | ||
| nonwhite | 14.7 | 17.7 | 18.3 | 16.0 | 17.3 | 10.4 | <0.01 | 8.1 | 0.43 | ||
| with ≤4 years of education | 9.9 | 10.3 | 13.2 | 13.6 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 0.55 | 4.6 | 0.33 | ||
| with ≥12 years of education | 39.6 | 41.4 | 38.1 | 33.2 | 39.4 | 36.4 | 0.77 | 65.5 | 0.39 | ||
| in households with income <$3k | 24.2 | 23.8 | 29.7 | 37.0 | 26.8 | 36.2 | <0.01 | 10.9 | 0.29 | ||
| in households with income > $10k | 14.8 | 13.8 | 12.1 | 8.0 | 13.2 | 7.7 | <0.01 | 31.6 | 0.28 | ||
| Medical resources: | |||||||||||
| Total active MDs (per 1k) | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.6 | <0.01 | 1.6 | 0.55 | ||
| Any medical students,1969 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | <0.01 | 0.2 | 0.58 | ||
| Age-adjusted mortality in 1965 | 992.6 | 990.1 | 984.1 | 976.7 | 987.7 | 929.6 | <0.01 | 748.5 | 0.33 | ||
Notes: County characteristics are not weighted by 1960 county populations so that they can be interpreted as the shares for the average county in the relevant category. Column 8 applies propensity-score weights as described in the text and online Appendix Figure D3. Column 8 p-values are based on a parametric percentile-t bootstrap procedure with 1,000 replications (Jeong and Maddala 1993; Horowitz 2001). The table sample (our estimation sample) contains 3,044 counties.
Sources: 1960 County and City Databooks (Haines and ICPSR 2005) and 1990 Area Resource Files (US DHHS 1994). Information on CHCs described in Figure 1 notes.