Table 1.
Components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling deregulated in gastric cancer
| Upregulation or function increase in gastric cancer | |
| Wnt-1, Wnt-2, Wnt-2B, Wnt-5a, Wnt-6, Wnt-10A[47,69-75,232] | |
| Fzd-3[78] | |
| CTNNB1[9,88-93,96,97] | |
| LRP6[228] | |
| TCF7L2[98-100] | |
| PPN[79] | |
| CDH17[80] | |
| EZH2[81] | |
| HMGA1, HMGA2[210,211] | |
| YY1[86] | |
| TC1 (C8orf4)[201,202] | |
| miR-17-92[161] | |
| mir-10a[168] | |
| has-miR-335[166] | |
| hsa-miR-375[163] | |
| Downregulation or function inhibition in gastric cancer | |
| Downregulation by hypermethylation | Inactivation by miRNAs |
| APC[145,146] | APC[175] |
| sFRP1, sFRP2, sFRP4, sFRP5[78,96,149] | AXIN2[159] |
| WIF-1[144,149] | EZF1[78] |
| Dkk-1, Dkk-2, Dkk-3[59,144,148,149] | HIPK1[161] |
| NKD1[149] | HSulf-1[168] |
| Sox10, Sox17[106,107,112,149] | RUNX2[159] |
| HSulf-1[108] | Inactivation by phosphorylation |
| RUNX3[147] | GSK3β[105] |
| PRDM5[152,153] | Inactivation by overexpression of EZH2 |
| RASSF10[154] | CXXC4[81] |
| OSR1[111,112] | Other or undefined mechanisms |
| Inactivation by protein mislocalization | Sox7[113] |
| RUNX3[147] | RACK1[109] |
| Inactivation by H. pylori virulence factor | ZNRF3[110] |
| RNF138[226,227] | CHD8[131] |
| Deletion or mutation | PLA2G2A[205] |
| APC[92,104,133-137] | has-miR-148a[165] |
| GSK3β[104] | miR-193b[163] |
| β-TrCP[142] | miR-200a[176,177] |
| AXIN1, AXIN2[90,91] | |
APC: Adenomatous polyposis coli; AXIN: Axis inhibition protein; β-TrCP: β-transducin repeats-containing protein; CDH: Cadherin; CHD: Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein; CTNNB1: Cadherin-associated protein (ß-catenin); CXXC: CXXC finger protein; Dkk: Dickkopf; Fzd: Frizzled; EZF: Endothelial zinc finger; EZH2: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β; HIPK: Homeodomain interacting protein kinase; HMGA2: High-mobility group AT-hook; HSulf: Human endosulfatase; LRP: Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; NKD: Naked cuticle homolog; OSR: Odd-skipped-related; PLA2GA2: Phospholipase A2; PPN: Palmitoyltransferase porcupine; PRDM: PR domain containing; RACK: Receptor for activated C kinase; RAFFS: Ras association domain family; RNF: Ring finger protein; RUNX: Runt-related transcription factor 3; sFRP: Secreted frizzled-related protein; SOX: Sry-related HMG box; TCF7L2: Transcription factor 7-like 2; WIF: Wnt inhibitory factor; Wnt: Wingless-type; YY1: Ying Yang 1; ZNRF: Zinc and ring finger.