Table 2.
Relative risks (RR) of breast cancer and 95% confidence intervals (CI) according to quartile of premenopausal carotenoid levels (ug/dL)
| RR | RR 95% CI | RR 95% CI | RR 95% CI | Ptrend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Carotene | ||||||
| Quartile Cutpoints | <4.6 | ≥4.6 to <7.2 | ≥7.2 to <12 | ≥12 | ||
| Case/Control No. | 298/285 | 286/284 | 263/283 | 286/281 | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.21) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.12) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.23) | 0.85 |
| Multivariate RRa (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.19) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.19) | 0.62 |
| β-Carotene | ||||||
| Quartile Cutpoints | <15 | ≥15 to <23 | ≥23 to <36 | ≥36 | ||
| Case/Control No. | 282/284 | 285/284 | 259/282 | 306/282 | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.01 (0.80, 1.28) | 0.92 (0.73, 1.17) | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) | 0.44 |
| Multivariate RRa (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.23) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.13) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) | 0.98 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | ||||||
| Quartile Cutpoints | <7.3 | ≥7.3 to <10 | ≥10 to <14 | ≥14 | ||
| Case/Control No. | 302/285 | 262/282 | 290/281 | 275/281 | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.23) | 0.92 (0.73, 1.17) | 0.72 |
| Multivariate RRa (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 0.82 (0.64, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.19) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.07) | 0.27 |
| Lutein/Zeaxanthin | ||||||
| Quartile Cutpoints | <14 | ≥14 to <19 | ≥19 to <24 | ≥24 | ||
| Case/Control No. | 263/282 | 288/282 | 278/279 | 298/284 | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.36) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.47) | 0.36 |
| Multivariate RRa (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.35) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.31) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.34) | 0.96 |
| Lycopene | ||||||
| Quartile Cutpoints | <33 | ≥33 to <43 | ≥43 to <55 | ≥55 | ||
| Case/Control No. | 324/282 | 253/282 | 299/284 | 254/282 | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 0.78 (0.62, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.15) | 0.78 (0.61, 0.99) | 0.10 |
| Multivariate RRa (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.17) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.02) | 0.14 |
| Total Carotenoids | ||||||
| Quartile Cutpoints | <85 | ≥85 to <109 | ≥109 to <136 | ≥136 | ||
| Case/Control No. | 279/283 | 297/276 | 247/278 | 288/274 | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.39) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.84, 1.36) | 0.81 |
| Multivariate RRa (95% CI) | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.40) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) | 0.67 |
a
Adjusted for BMI at blood draw (<25, 25-<25.9, ≥30 kg/m2), age at menarche (≤11, 12, 13, ≥14 years old), alcohol intake (non-drinker, ≤5, 5.01–10, 10.01–15, >15 grams/day), parity/age at first birth (nulliparous, 1 child/<25 years old, 1 child/≥25 years old, ≥2 children/<25 years old, ≥2 children/≥25 years old), family history of breast cancer (yes/no), history of benign breast disease (yes/no)