Table 1.
Univariate analyses of risk factors for clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula n (%)
| Parameters | Non B/C grade POPF group (n = 832) | B/C grade POPF group (n = 89) | P value |
| Age (n = 921) | |||
| < 65 yr | 640 (76.9) | 68 (76.4) | 0.91 |
| ≥ 65 yr | 192 (23.1) | 21 (23.6) | |
| Sex (n = 921) | |||
| Male | 529 (63.6) | 62 (69.7) | 0.26 |
| Female | 303 (36.4) | 27 (30.3) | |
| BMI (n = 921)3 | |||
| < 28 | 773 (92.9) | 71 (80.8) | 0.00 |
| ≥ 28 | 59 (7.1) | 18 (20.2) | |
| Personal history | |||
| Hypertension (n = 921) | |||
| Yes | 177 (21.3) | 16 (18.0) | 0.47 |
| No | 655 (78.7) | 73 (82.0) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (n = 921) | |||
| Yes | 95 (11.4) | 11 (12.4) | 0.79 |
| No | 737 (88.6) | 78 (87.6) | |
| Coronary artery disease (n = 921) | |||
| Yes | 81 (9.7) | 4 (4.5) | 0.54 |
| No | 781 (93.9) | 85 (95.5) | |
| Smoking (n = 921) | |||
| Yes | 199 (23.9) | 23 (25.8) | 0.69 |
| No | 633 (76.1) | 66 (74.2) | |
| Drinking (n = 921)3 | |||
| Yes | 174 (20.9) | 12 (13.5) | 0.09 |
| No | 658 (79.1) | 77 (86.5) | |
| Abdominal operation history (n = 921) | |||
| Yes | 111 (13.3) | 14 (15.7) | 0.53 |
| No | 721 (86.7) | 75 (84.3) | |
| Serum albumin (g/L, n = 893) | |||
| < 35 | 660 (81.8) | 13 (15.1) | 0.48 |
| ≥ 35 | 147 (18.2) | 73 (84.9) | |
| Serum total bilirubin (µmol/L, n = 905)1 | |||
| < 171 | 604 (73.9) | 61 (69.3) | 0.40 |
| ≥ 171 | 213 (26.1) | 27 (30.7) | |
| Type of resection (n = 921) | |||
| PD | 446 (53.6) | 45 (50.6) | 0.58 |
| PPPD | 386 (46.4) | 44 (49.4) | |
| Pancreatic duct (mm, n = 921)3 | |||
| < 3 | 250 (30.0) | 62 (69.7) | 0.00 |
| ≥ 3 | 582 (70.0) | 27 (30.3) | |
| Texture of remnant pancreas (n = 921)3 | |||
| Soft | 289 (34.7) | 68 (76.4) | 0.00 |
| Hard | 543 (65.3) | 21 (23.6) | |
| Operative time (min, n = 913) | |||
| < 360 | 346 (42.0) | 35 (39.3) | 0.65 |
| ≥ 360 | 478 (58.0) | 54 (60.7) | |
| Difference between the blood loss and transfusion in operation (mL, n = 920)3 | |||
| < 800 | 772 (92.9) | 75 (84.3) | 0.00 |
| ≥ 800 | 59 (7.1) | 14 (15.7) | |
| Reconstruction of blood vessels (n = 921) | |||
| Yes | 29 (3.5) | 2 (2.2) | 0.76 |
| No | 803 (96.5) | 87 (97.8) | |
| Pancreaticoduodenectomy extending to adjacent (n = 921)2 | |||
| Yes | 21 (2.5) | 0 (-) | 0.25 |
| No | 786 (94.5) | 89 (100.0) | |
| Pancreatic carcinoma | |||
| Yes | 219 (26.3) | 15 (16.9) | 0.05 |
| No | 613 (73.7) | 74 (83.1) | |
1
This level of serum total bilirubin was assayed just before the operation (tested within three days before operation);
2
Combined resection of adjacent organs including: liver, colon, kidney and so on;
3
Statistically significant. POPF: Postoperative pancreatic fistula; PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; PPPD: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy.