Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Year | Country | Sample size (n) | Average age (years) | Gender (% male) | Treatment facility (outpatient, residential) | Treatment service (gambling, addictions, impulse control, mental health) | Treatment type (psychological, pharmacological, GA) | Gambling severity (pathological, problem) | Measure of problem gambling | Problematic gambling activity (mixed, EGMs) | Co-morbidity measures (interview, self-report) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battersby et al. | 2006 | Australia | 43 | 41.5 | 70 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psychological | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Self-report |
| Breen and Zimmerman | 2002 | US | 44 | 46.9 | 61 | Outpatient | Gambling | Combined | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Cavedini et al. | 2002 | Italy | 20 | 38.5 | 95 | Outpatient | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Dannon et al. | 2006 | Israel | 78 | NRa | 54 | Outpatient | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Echeburua et al. | 2011 | Spain | 103 | 43.1 | 51 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psychological | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Goudriaan et al. | 2010 | Netherlands | 17 | 35.3 | 100 | NR | Addiction | NR | Problem | DIS | NR | Interview |
| Grall-Bronnec et al. | 2011 | France | 84 | 41.8 | 86 | NR | Addiction | NR | Problem | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview and self-report |
| Granero et al. | 2009 | Spain | 286 | 45.4 | 50 | NR | Gambling | NR | Pathological | DQ-PG | Mixed | Interview |
| Grant and Grosz | 2004 | US | 14 | 64.9 | 57 | Outpatient | Gambling | Combined | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Grant and Kim | 2002 | US | 50 | 47.7 | 50 | Outpatient | Gambling | Combined | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Grant and Kim | 2003 | US | 96 | 46.7 | 54 | Outpatient | impulse control | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Grant et al. | 2009 | US | 322 | 48.3 | 42 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psychological or pharmacological | Pathological | SCI-PG | Mixed | Interview |
| Grant et al. | 2008 | US | 465 | 47.6 | 46 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psychological or pharmacological | Pathological | SCI-PG | Mixed | Interview |
| Grant and Potenza | 2006 | US | 105 | 46.1 | 100 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psychological or pharmacological | Pathological | SCI-PG | NR | Interview |
| Ibanez et al. | 2001 | Spain | 69 | NR a | 68 | NR | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Jimenez-Murcia et al. | 2009 | Spain | 498 | 41.5 | 88 | NR | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Kausch / Kausch | 2003 | US | 113 | 48.9 | 91 | Residential | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Kausch | 2004 | US | 135 | 51.9 | 93 | Residential | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Kennedy et al. | 2005 | Japan | 35 | 33.2 | 74 | NR | Gambling | Psychological | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Kerber et al. | 2008 | US | 40 | 62.0 | 63 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psych or GA | Problem | SOGS/NODS | NR | Interview |
| Korman et al. | 2008 | Canada | 42 | 47.6 | 86 | Outpatient | addiction/mental health | Psychological | Problem | PGSI | NR | Interview |
| Kroeber | 1992 | Germany | 43 | 32.2 | 98 | Either | Gambling | Psychological | Problem | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Kruedelbach et al. | 2006 | US | 162 | 46.7 | 98 | Residential | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Ladouceur et al. | 2006 | Canada | 233 | 42.8 | 73 | Either | Gambling | Psychological | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Ledgerwood and Petry | 2006 | US | 149 | 47.6 | 48 | NR | Gambling | NR | Problem | NODS | NR | Self-report |
| Lee et al./Teo et al. | 2007 | Singapore | 300 | 40.7 | 88 | Either | Gambling | Psychological | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Maccallum and Blaszczynski | 2002 | Australia | 75 | 37.7 | 64 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psychological | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | EGMs | Interview |
| Martins et al. | 2004 | Brazil | 156 | 42.7 | 50 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psychological | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Patterson et al. | 2006 | US | 18 | 45.0 | NR a | Residential | Gambling | NR | Pathological | SOGS | NR | Interview |
| Sander and Peters | 2009 | Germany | 281 | 38.2 | 88 | Residential | Gambling | Psychological | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Smith et al. | 2010 | Australia | 127 | 43.1 | 54 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psychological | Problem | VGS | Mixed | Self-report |
| Specker et al./Specker et al. | 1995/1996 | US | 40 | 41.1 | 63 | Outpatient | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Stinchfield and Winters | 2001 | US | 592 | 39.0 | 59 | Outpatient | Gambling | Psychological | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Tavares and Gentil | 2007 | Brazil | 40 | 40.5 | 50 | NR | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | NR | Interview |
| Tavares et al. | 2003 | Brazil | 140 | 42.8 | 50 | Outpatient | Gambling | NR | Pathological | Diagnostic criteria | Mixed | Interview |
| Zimmerman et al. | 2010 | US | 210 | 39.9 | 56 | Outpatient | Gambling | NR | Problem | NR | NR | Interview |
DIS: Diagnostic Interview Schedule; DQ-PG: Diagnostic Questionnaire for Pathologic Gambling; GA: Gamblers Anonymous; NODS: NORC Diagnostic Screen for Gambling Disorders; NR: Not reported; PGSI: Problem Gambling Severity Index; SCI-PG: Structured Clinical Interview for Pathologic Gambling; SOGS: South Oaks Gambling Screen; VGS: Victorian Gambling Screen.