Table 2.

Radiation countermeasures already in SNS that may receive US FDA EUA status.

Countermeasures	Mode of action	Efficacy in animal model of radiation injury	Safety/side effects	Remarks	Ref.
G-CSF/Neupogen/filgrastim	Stimulates: i) proliferation, differentiation, and function of neutrophil precursors; and ii) maturation and function of neutrophils	Effective in irradiated mice, canines, minipigs and NHPs	Used clinically for other indications and as off-label drug for radiation accident victims	Procured for SNS under PAHPRA	[53,64–73]
GM-CSF/Leukine/sargramostim	Promotes: i) survival, clonal expansion and differentiation of granulocytes and monocytes: and ii) maturation and activation of granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages	Effective in irradiated mice, canines and NHPs	Used clinically for other indications and as off-label drug for radiation accident victims	Procured for SNS under PAHPRA	[68,69,78–86]

EUA: Emergency use authorization; NHP: Nonhuman primate; PAHPRA: Pandemic and all-hazards preparedness reauthorization act; SNS: Strategic national stockpile.