Table 3.
Pre- and post-workshop comparisons of neonatal clinical outcomes
| Intervention NICUs ( N = 2) | Control NICUs ( N = 88) | Intervention vs. control group difference | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | Pre-WS n = 146 (%) | Post-WS n = 148 (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Pre-WS n = 3,322 (%) | Post-WS n = 2,912 (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | DID in post- vs. pre-WS (95% CI)** |
| Mortality | 15 (10.3) | 5 (3.4) | 0.31 (0.11, 0.86)* | 0.30 (0.1, 0.89)* | 207 (6.2) | 147 (5.1) | 0.80 (0.64, 0.99)* | 0.75 (0.59, 0.95)* | −5.71 (−11.6, 0.12) |
| RDS | 80 (54.8) | 90 (60.8) | 1.28 (0.81,2.04) | 1.55 (0.90, 2.68) | 1,893/3,322 (57.0) | 1,682/,2884 (58.3) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 4.68 (−6.86, 16.2) |
| BPD | 25/141 (17.7) | 36/147 (24.5) | 1.51 (0.85, 2.67) | 1.66 (0.90, 3.07) | 490/3,282 (14.9) | 504/2,858 (17.6) | 1.22 (1.07,1.40)* | 1.23 (1.06, 1.44)* | 4.05 (−5.51, 13.6) |
| Severe IVH | 6 (4.1) | 8 (5.4) | 1.33 (0.45, 3.94) | 1.38 (0.45, 4.27) | 145/3,322 (4.4) | 126/2,882 (4.4) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.28) | 1.0 (0.77, 1.30) | 1.29 (−3.68, 6.26) |
| PVL | 3/146 (2.1) | 6/143 (4.2) | 2.09 (0.51, 8.51) | 2.09 (0.51, 8.51) | 112/3,318 (3.4) | 91/2,864 (3.2) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.24) | 1.0 (0.75, 1.34) | 2.34 (−1.77, 6.45) |
| ROP | 14/139 (10.1) | 17/140 (12.1) | 1.23 (0.58, 2.61) | 1.50 (0.66, 3.41) | 289/2,429 (11.9) | 360/2,512 (14.3) | 1.23 (1.05, 1.46)* | 1.33 (1.11, 1.60)* | 0.36 (−7.97, 7.24) |
| NEC | 3 (2.1) | 3 (2.0) | 0.98 (0.19, 4.97) | 1.11 (0.22, 5.72) | 55/3,322 (1.7) | 53/2,889 (1.8) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.62) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) | −0.21 (−3.5, 3.09) |
| Early sepsis | 3 (2.1) | 2 (1.4) | 0.65 (0.11, 3.97) | 0.65 (0.11, 3.97) | 88 (2.6) | 92 (3.2) | 1.20 (0.89, 1.61) | 1.27 (0.94,1.73) | −1.21 (−4.29, 1.86) |
| Late sepsis | 7 (4.8) | 6 (4.1) | 0.84 (0.27, 2.56) | 0.93 (0.30, 2.91) | 168/3,313 (5.1) | 172/2,880 (6.0) | 1.19 (0.95, 1.48) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.48) | −1.64 (−6.48, 3.20) |
| PDA | 47 (32.2) | 45 (30.4) | 0.92 (0.56, 1.51) | 0.97 (0.57, 1.65) | 1,286/3,322 (38.7) | 1,109/2,884 (38.5) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.07) | −1.53 (−12.4, 9.35) |
| Indomethacin | 43 (29.5) | 44 (29.7) | 1.01 (0.61, 1.67) | 1.01 (0.64, 1.86) | 1,229 (37.0) | 1,054 (36.2) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 1.08 (−9.63, 11.8) |
| PDA ligation | 13 (8.9) | 7 (4.7) | 0.51 (0.20, 1.31) | 0.46 (0.17, 1.23) | 208/3,322 (6.3) | 185/2,865 (6.5) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.27) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.20) | −4.37 (−10.3, 1.51) |
| Air leak | 7 (4.8) | 4 (2.7) | 0.55 (0.16, 1.93) | 0.66 (0.17, 2.22) | 88/3,322 (2.7) | 93/2,880 (3.2) | 1.23 (0.91, 1.65) | 1.22 (0.90, 1.66) | −2.67 (−7.09, 1.75) |
| PPHN | 11 (7.5) | 15 (10.1) | 1.38 (0.61, 3.12) | 1.33 (0.57, 3.17) | 132/3,322 (4.0) | 152/2,872 (5.3) | 1.35 (1.06, 1.71)* | 1.39 (1.09,1.79)* | 1.28 (−5.28, 7.85) |
Variables with missing data are indicated by the denominators showing the numbers of the assessed neonates. Covariates included in the multiple logistic regression models were gender, gestational age, Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes, cesarean section, antenatal steroids use, maternal hypertension, chorioamnionitis, and outborn.
Pre-WS: before the workshops; Post-WS: after the workshops. OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, RDS respiratory distress syndrome, BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, PVL periventricular leukomalacia, ROP retinopathy of prematurity, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis, PDA patent ductus arteriosus, PPHN persistent pulmonary hypertension.
*Statistically significant at the 5% probability level; **DID: The difference in differences of neonatal outcomes (percentage points) = differences (%) between the post- and pre-WS for the intervention NICUs − differences (%) between the post- and pre-WS for the control NICUs, estimated using a probit model.