Table 2.
Determinants of CHE based on the WHO’s Xu [1] approach
| Model 1A | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable (N = 8171) | 10% | 20% | 30% |
| Round: | |||
| Round 4 (Ref) | |||
| Round 5 | 0.89a (0.19)b | 0.88 (0.28) | 0.96 (0.44) |
| Round 6 | 1.25 (0.28) | 1.16 (0.38) | 1.31 (0.63) |
| Round 7 | 0.88 (0.20) | 0.81 (0.27) | 1.02 (0.49) |
| Slum: | |||
| Viwandani (Ref) | |||
| Korogocho | 1.01 (0.16) | 1.09(0.24) | 1.64 (0.52) |
| Dandora | 0.99 (0.23) | 0.64(0.23) | 0.95 (0.45) |
| Mukuru | 1.09 (0.17) | 0.71(0.18) | 0.71 (0.26) |
| Obunga | 0.57 (0.11)*** | 0.61 (0.17)* | 0.68 (0.26) |
| Nyalenda | 0.68 (0.12)** | 0.43 (0.12)*** | 0.36 (0.15)** |
| Income 1 : | |||
| Lower tertile (Ref) | |||
| Middle tertile | 0.91 (0.12) | 0.72 (0.14)* | 0.87 (0.24) |
| Top tertile | 0.84(0.11) | 0.85 (0.16) | 1.25 (0.33) |
| Expenditure: | |||
| Lower tertile (Ref) | |||
| Middle tertile | 0.87 (0.11) | 0.86 (0.18) | 0.88 (0.26) |
| Top tertile | 1.32 (0.18)** | 1.85 (0.36)*** | 2.66 (0.70)*** |
| Livelihood: | |||
| Petty trade, casual (Ref) | |||
| Formal labor | 0.70 (0.10)*** | 0.70 (0.14)* | 0.44 (0.14)*** |
| Own business | 0.73 (0.11)** | 0.65 (0.15)* | 0.39 (0.13)*** |
| Main bread winner is male | 1.11 (0.12) | 1.05 (0.17) | 1.24 (0.28) |
| Working adult in household | 0.82 (0.10) | 0.54 (0.11)*** | 0.51 (0.14)** |
| Child under 5 years | 1.07 (0.12) | 0.89 (0.15) | 0.71 (0.16) |
| Age of main income earner: | |||
| 35 < =Age (Ref) | |||
| 35 < Age < =55 | 1.07 (0.13) | 1.08 (0.19) | 1.17 (0.28) |
| Age > 55 | 1.56 (0.32)** | 2.11 (0.56)*** | 1.87 (0.68)* |
| Duration of stay in slum | 1.02 (0.01)*** | 1.02 (0.01)** | 1.02 (0.01)* |
| Safety net | 0.63 (0.08)*** | 0.60 (0.11)*** | 0.50 (0.13)*** |
| Shocks | 1.08 (0.14) | 1.17 (0.23) | 0.97 (0.27) |
| Type of illness | |||
| Other (Ref) | |||
| Diarrhea | 0.93 (0.19) | 0.76 (0.25) | 0.69 (0.35) |
| Fever | 1.05 (0.16) | 1.15 (0.26) | 0.60 (0.20) |
| Cough | 0.73 (0.11)** | 0.45 (0.12)*** | 0.67 (0.23) |
| Headache | 0.82 (0.12) | 0.90 (0.20) | 1.15 (0.36) |
| Vomiting | 1.27 (0.26) | 1.03 (0.34) | 0.78 (0.41) |
| Seizure | 1.80 (0.77) | 1.71 (0.99) | 2.23(1.52) |
| Difficult breathing | 1.31 (0.29) | 1.45 (0.46) | 1.00 (0.44) |
| Measles | 1.27 (0.55) | 2.42 (1.23)* | 1.88 (1.44) |
| Injury | 2.15 (0.57)*** | 2.68 (0.91)*** | 2.05 (0.95) |
| Care sought for illness | |||
| No ill person/no care sought (Ref) | |||
| Ill/no care sought | 1.99 (0.47)*** | 2.96 (0.93)*** | 1.24 (0.78) |
| Ill/care sought | 1.82 (0.27)*** | 1.70 (0.37)** | 1.96 (0.59)** |
| Place care was sought: | |||
| Other (Ref) | |||
| Public hospital | 3.96 (0.71)*** | 4.24 (1.07)*** | 6.61 (2.14)*** |
| Public clinic | 0.66 (0.16)* | 0.72 (0.27) | 0.65 (0.36) |
| Private hospital | 4.07 (0.99)*** | 2.87 (1.06)*** | 3.41 (1.61)*** |
| Private clinic | 1.73 (0.40)** | 1.78 (0.61)* | 1.72 (0.78) |
| Mission hospital | 2.82 (1.33)** | 3.35 (2.01)** | 1.23 (1.32) |
| Mission clinic | 0.95 (0.37) | 0.76 (0.48) | 1.01 (0.78) |
Notes: (a) Reports the odds ratio. (b) Reports the standard error. *, **, *** indicate significance at 10, 5, and 1% level respectively.
In this Model 1A we use a household multiplier β = 0.41, and the 45th – 55th percentile to compute the subsistence expenditure. (2) The correlation between income group and expenditure group variables is 0.24.