Table 3.
Determinants of CHE based on proportionality of income approach
| Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variable (N = 8171) | 5% | 10% |
| Round: | ||
| Round 4 (Ref) | ||
| Round 5 | 1.37 a(0.16b)** | 1.27 (0.17)* |
| Round 6 | 1.49(0.19)*** | 1.33(0.19)** |
| Round 7 | 1.27(0.16)* | 1.20(0.16) |
| Slums: | ||
| Viwandani (Ref) | ||
| Korogocho | 0.41(0.04)*** | 0.30(0.03)*** |
| Dandora | 0.49(0.07)*** | 0.36(0.06)*** |
| Mukuru | 0.98(0.08) | 0.76(0.07)*** |
| Obunga | 1.57(0.15)*** | 1.52(0.15)*** |
| Nyalenda | 1.40(0.12)*** | 1.17(0.11)* |
| Income: | ||
| Lower tertile (Ref) | ||
| Middle tertile | .. | .. |
| Top tertile | .. | .. |
| Expenditure: | ||
| Lower tertile (Ref) | ||
| Middle tertile | 1.14(0.08)* | 1.12(0.08) |
| Top tertile | 1.65(0.12)*** | 1.48(0.12)*** |
| Livelihood: | ||
| Petty trade, casual (Ref) | ||
| Formal labor | 0.99(0.07) | 1.05(0.08) |
| Own business | 0.91(0.07) | 1.02(0.09) |
| Gender of bread winner: | ||
| Male | 1.11(0.07)* | 0.93(0.06) |
| Working adult in household | 0.41(0.03)*** | 0.33(0.03)*** |
| Child under 5 years | 1.33(0.08)*** | 1.38(0.09)*** |
| Age of main income earner: | ||
| Age < =35 (Ref) | ||
| 35 < Age < =55 | 1.05(0.07) | 1.07(0.8) |
| Age >55 | 1.36(0.18)** | 1.57(0.22)*** |
| Duration of stay in slum (years) | 1.01(0.003)*** | 1.01(0.004)*** |
| Safety net | 0.78(0.05)*** | 0.78(0.05)*** |
| Shocks | 0.94(0.07) | 0.93(0.08) |
| Type of illness: | ||
| Other (Ref) | ||
| Diarrhea | 0.97(0.11) | 0.97(0.12) |
| Fever | 0.95(0.08) | 0.94(0.09) |
| Cough | 0.88(0.08) | 0.90(0.09) |
| Headache | 0.99(0.09) | 0.95(0.09) |
| Vomiting | 1.32(0.16)** | 1.24(0.17) |
| Seizure | 1.51(0.49) | 1.02(0.36) |
| Difficult breathing | 1.12(0.16) | 1.16(0.19) |
| Measles | 1.14(0.31) | 1.20(0.33) |
| Injury | 1.43(0.29)* | 1.57(0.35)** |
| Care sought for illness: | ||
| No ill person/no care sought (Ref) | ||
| Ill/no care sought | 1.17(0.16) | 1.05(0.16) |
| Ill/care sought | 1.43(0.12)*** | 1.22(0.11)** |
| Place where care was sought: | ||
| Other (Ref) | ||
| Public hospital | 2.32(0.27)*** | 2.05(0.25)*** |
| Public clinic | 1.08(0.14) | 0.78(0.12)* |
| Private hospital | 2.31(0.43)*** | 1.86(0.37)*** |
| Private clinic | 1.51(0.23)*** | 1.27(0.22) |
| Mission hospital | 2.59(1.03)** | 2.37(1.00)** |
| Mission clinic | 1.19(0.29) | 0.95(0.28) |
Notes: Dependent variable =1 if the household experienced catastrophic health expenditure. (a) reports the odds ratio. (b) reports the standard error. *, **, *** indicate significance at 10, 5 and 1% level respectively. Model 2: CHE is based on OOP as a proportion of household income.