Table 1.
Characteristics of Iranian women in a case-control study of gallstone disease in 2009-2010, Tehran, Iran*,†
| Variable | Participants | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case (N=101) | Control (N=204) | ||
| Age (years) | 53.54±5.8 | 52.91±7.8 | 0.431 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.02±4.6 | 26.97±3.3 | 0.067 |
| Waist-circumference (cm) | 86.50±9.08 | 84.70±8.3 | 0.080 |
| Education (years) | 5.96±5.6 | 9.81±3.4 | <0.001 |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 0 (0) | 6 (2.9) | 0.005 |
| Married | 84 (83.2) | 182 (89.2) | |
| Divorced | 0 (0) | 3 (1.5) | |
| Widowed | 17 (16.8) | 13 (6.4) | |
| Menarche age (years) | 13.05±1.54 | 13.56±1.49 | 0.123 |
| Number of livebirths | |||
| 0 | 0 (0) | 21 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| 1-3 | 39 (38.6) | 140 (68.6) | |
| ≥4 | 62 (61.4) | 43 (21.1) | |
| Occupation | |||
| Unemployed | 96 (94.1) | 168 (82.4) | <0.001 |
| Employed | 5 (4.9) | 36 (17.6) | |
| Husband's occupation | |||
| Unemployed | 3 (3.5) | 7 (3.9) | |
| Grade 3 employee | 45 (52.9) | 68 (37.9) | 0.048 |
| Grade 2 employee | 37 (43.5) | 103 (57.5) | |
| Grade 1 employee | 0 (0) | 1 (0.56) | |
| Menopause age (years) | 47.90±5.56 | 49.14±3.99 | 0.917 |
| Physical activity (MET.h/day) | 38.62±4.72 | 44.45±1.33 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,661.2±783 | 2,433.4±786 | 0.027 |
| Familial obesity history | |||
| Yes | 45 (44.6) | 83 (40.7) | 0.6 |
| No | 56 (55.4) | 121 (59.3) | |
| Familial history of gallstones | |||
| Yes | 50 (49.5) | 55 (27) | <0.001 |
| No | 51 (50.5) | 149 (73) | |
| Weight loss and regain history | |||
| Yes | 24 (25.2) | 29 (14.5) | 0.072 |
| No | 71 (74.7) | 171 (85.5) | |
| Rapid weight loss history | |||
| Yes | 18 (17.8) | 15 (7.4) | 0.006 |
| No | 83 (82.2) | 189 (92.6) | |
| Smoking habit | |||
| Never | 92 (91.1) | 182 (91.5) | |
| Ex-smoker | 2 (2) | 8 (4.0) | 0.807 |
| Current-smoker | 7 (6.9) | 9 (4.5) | |
| Oral contraceptive usage | |||
| Yes | 27 (26.7) | 54 (26.5) | 0.991 |
| No | 74 (73.3) | 150 (73.5) | |
| Exogenous hormone usage | |||
| Yes | 4 (4.1) | 11 (5.5) | 0.559 |
| No | 94 (95.9) | 189 (94.5) | |
| Vitamin C supplement intake | |||
| Yes | 15 (15.2) | 39 (19.5) | 0.583 |
| No | 84 (84.8) | 160 (80.4) | |
| Calcium supplement intake | |||
| Yes | 23 (23.4) | 79 (39.1) | 0.008 |
| No | 75 (76.5) | 123 (60.8) | |
*Values are presented either as mean±SD or n (%)
†Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used for testing the difference