Effects of chitosan and GM-CSF-encoding gene are to participate in the recruitment of CD11c and increase infiltrate size and duration. Histological characterization of CD11c production in muscles of immunized mice. (A) CD11c-stained muscle sections 3 days after injection of various immunogens. (a) Chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles vaccinated group; (b) pJME/GM-CSF vaccinated group; (c) pJME vaccinated group; (d) JE inactivated vaccine group; (e) pcDNA3.1(+) vaccinated group; (f) chitosan solution vaccinated group (magnification, ×100). (B) CD11c-stained muscle sections after (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 4,(d) 5, (e) 6, (f) 7 and (g) 14 days in the chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles-vaccinated group (magnification, ×100). CD11c; integrin, αx; pJME, premembrane and envelope proteins derived from Japanese encephalitis virus; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.