Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Population and Univariate Analysis of Those Who Developed the Outcomes During Follow-up
| Characteristics | Total (n = 796) | Developed Steatosis (HSI ≥36) (n = 194) | Developed Advanced Fibrosis (FIB-4 >3.25) (n = 31) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median years, IQR) | 43.5 (36–49.7) | 42.3 (34.6–49.5) | 49.2 (44–55)** |
| Male gender (%) | 667 (84) | 125 (64)** | 26 (84) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White/Caucasian | 456 (57) | 91 (47)* | 22 (71) |
| Black | 210 (26) | 82 (42)** | 9 (29) |
| MSM (%) | 471 (60) | 77 (40)** | 20 (65) |
| IVDU (%) | 12 (2) | 9 (5)** | 0 |
| Diabetes (%) | 30 (4) | 16 (8)** | 4 (13)* |
| Hypertension (%) | 58 (7) | 21 (11)* | 4 (13) |
| BMI (median Kg/m², IQR) | 23.4 (21.6–25.2) | 24.4 (22.3–26.4)** | 23.3 (20.8–24.8) |
| Time since HIV diagnosis (median years, IQR) | 6.3 (1.7–13.3) | 6.3 (1.7–13.2) | 16 (5.4–18.8)* |
| HIV viral load <50 copies/mL (%) | 318 (40) | 52 (27)* | 8 (26) |
| CD4 count (median cells/μL, IQR) | 353.5 (216.5–531.8) | 276.5 (162.5–436)* | 222 (126.2–373.8)* |
| On cART (%)a | 602 (76) | 139 (72) | 21 (68) |
| PI + NRTI | 356 (59) | 92 (66) | 14 (67) |
| NNRTI + NRTI | 265 (44) | 56 (40) | 9 (43) |
| Other + NRTI | 35 (6) | 5 (4) | 2 (10) |
| DDX | 26 (4) | 10 (7) | 3 (14) |
| Platelet count (median 109/L, IQR) | 229 (190–276.2) | 227.5 (184–275) | 209 (162–250) |
| AST (median IU/L, IQR) | 25 (21–31) | 26 (21–33) | 29 (24.5–41.5)* |
| ALT (median IU/L, IQR) | 26 (20–36) | 26 (19.3–38) | 27 (21.5–39.5) |
| Albumin (median g/L, IQR) | 41 (39–44) | 40.5 (37–43)** | 41 (34.5–43.5) |
| Glucose (median mmol/L, IQR) | 5.1 (4.7–5.6) | 5.1 (4.7–5.7) | 5.2 (4.9–5.9) |
| Cholesterol (median mmol/L, IQR) | 4.5 (3.6–5.7) | 4.5 (3.9–5.8) | 4.7 (3.7–6) |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; DDX, didanosine/stavudine/zalcitabine; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; IQR, interquartile range; IU, international units; IVDU, intravenous drug use; MSM, men who have sex with men; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitors.
a Percentage based on number of patients on cART.
* P < .05; **P < .001. The P values refer to t test or χ2 test between patients who developed the outcomes (steatosis and fibrosis, here shown) and the correspondent counterpart of patients who did not develop the outcomes (data not shown).