Table 4. Factors associated with bipolar disorder diagnostic delay only including participants with complete covariate data (n = 1244).
| Factor | Group | Number in sample | Percentage | Median diagnostic delay in days (IQR) | *Adjusted hazard ratio | 95% confidence interval, p value | Bonferroni corrected 95% confidence interval, p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 16–25 | 324 | 23.8% | 70 (20–308) | 0.99 | 0.85–1.15, p = 0.89 | 0.81–1.20, p = 1.0 |
| 26–35 | 404 | 29.6% | 62 (16–214) | Reference | |||
| 36–45 | 277 | 20.3% | 70 (23–327) | 0.97 | 0.83–1.14, p = 0.73 | 0.79–1.19, p = 1.0 | |
| 46–55 | 150 | 11.0% | 51 (14–166) | 1.02 | 0.84–1.23, p = 0.87 | 0.79–1.30, p = 1.0 | |
| 56–65 | 89 | 6.5% | 49 (13–390) | 0.95 | 0.75–1.20, p = 0.66 | 0.70–1.28, p = 1.0 | |
| Gender | Female | 734 | 53.8% | 65 (16–267) | Reference | ||
| Male | 510 | 37.4% | 64 (21–297) | 1.01 | 0.90–1.13, p = 0.87 | 0.90–1.13, p = 0.87 | |
| Ethnicity | White | 785 | 57.6% | 68 (19–282) | Reference | ||
| Asian | 66 | 4.8% | 70 (17–308) | 0.2 | 0.55–0.94, p = 0.02 | 0.51–1.00, p = 0.05 | |
| Black | 232 | 17.0% | 55 (13–301) | 1.03 | 0.87–1.21, p = 0.73 | 0.84–1.26, p = 1.0 | |
| Other | 161 | 11.8% | 56 (22–170) | 1.07 | 0.90–1.27, p = 0.42 | 0.87–1.32, p = 1.0 | |
| Marital status | Married/Cohabiting | 311 | 22.8% | 50 (14–214) | 1.1 | 0.96–1.27, p = 0.19 | 0.93–1.31, p = 0.56 |
| Divorced/Separated | 117 | 8.6% | 79 (22–420) | 0.94 | 0.76–1.16, p = 0.57 | 0.73–1.22, p = 1.0 | |
| Single | 804 | 58.9% | 67 (19–276) | Reference | |||
| Widowed | 12 | 0.9% | 49 (12–140) | 1.11 | 0.61–2.00, p = 0.73 | 0.54–2.29, p = 1.0 | |
| UK Mental Health Act | Compulsory admission within 2 weeks of first presentation | 216 | 15.8% | 21 (6–79) | 2.47 | 2.07–2.94, p<0.001 | 2.07–2.94, p<0.001 |
| Prior Diagnoses | Schizophrenia or related disorders | 208 | 15.2% | 214 (49–686) | 0.4 | 0.34–0.48, p<0.001 | 0.34–0.48, p<0.001 |
| Psychotic depression | 37 | 2.7% | 370 (93–929) | 0.73 | 0.52–1.04, p = 0.08 | 0.52–1.04, p = 0.08 | |
| Unipolar depression without psychotic symptoms | 133 | 9.8% | 413 (128–1051) | 0.4 | 0.33–0.48, p<0.001 | 0.33–0.48, p<0.001 | |
| Anxiety disorder | 78 | 5.7% | 442 (158–901) | 0.51 | 0.41–0.65, p<0.001 | 0.41–0.65, p<0.001 | |
| Personality disorder | 52 | 3.8% | 494 (154–1025) | 0.61 | 0.45–0.81, p = 0.001 | 0.45–0.81, p = 0.001 | |
| Alcohol misuse or dependence | 26 | 1.9% | 705 (389–1341) | 0.45 | 0.30–0.68, p<0.001 | 0.30–0.68, p<0.001 | |
| Illicit drug misuse or dependence | 36 | 2.6% | 742 (320–1142) | 0.43 | 0.31–0.61, p<0.001 | 0.31–0.61, p<0.001 |
*Model adjusted for all factors listed in this table