Table 5. Factors associated with bipolar disorder treatment delay (n = 1247)*.
| Factor | Group | Number in sample | Percentage | Median treatment delay in days (IQR) | **Adjusted hazard ratio | 95% confidence interval, p value | Bonferroni corrected 95% confidence interval, p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 16–25 | 314 | 25.2% | 67 (7–532) | 0.90 | 0.76–1.06, p = 0.21 | 0.73–1.11, p = 0.85 |
| 26–35 | 408 | 32.7% | 46 (9–260) | Reference | |||
| 36–45 | 288 | 23.1% | 58 (15–369) | 0.96 | 0.81–1.13, p = 0.59 | 0.77–1.18, p = 1.0 | |
| 46–55 | 150 | 12.0% | 59 (12–318) | 1.06 | 0.87–1.30, p = 0.57 | 0.82–1.38, p = 1.0 | |
| 56–65 | 87 | 7.0% | 69 (19–367) | 0.81 | 0.62–1.05, p = 0.11 | 0.58–1.13, p = 0.43 | |
| Gender | Female | 720 | 57.7% | 57 (11–369) | Reference | ||
| Male | 527 | 42.3% | 51 (10–366) | 1.09 | 0.96–1.23, p = 0.19 | 0.96–1.23, p = 0.19 | |
| Ethnicity | White | 776 | 62.2% | 73 (15–454) | Reference | ||
| Asian | 55 | 4.4% | 20 (3–50) | 1.44 | 1.08–1.93, p = 0.01 | 1.00–2.08, p = 0.05 | |
| Black | 208 | 16.7% | 16 (3–147) | 1.14 | 0.96–1.36, p = 0.14 | 0.91–1.42, p = 0.55 | |
| Other | 163 | 13.1% | 56 (14–241) | 0.97 | 0.81–1.17, p = 0.78 | 0.77–1.23, p = 1.0 | |
| Ethnicity not recorded | 45 | 3.6% | 83 (38-)*** | 0.68 | 0.48–0.98, p = 0.04 | 0.43–1.08, p = 0.16 | |
| Marital status | Married/Cohabiting | 288 | 23.1% | 38 (8–206) | 1.05 | 0.90–1.23, p = 0.52 | 0.86–1.28, p = 1.0 |
| Divorced/Separated | 113 | 9.1% | 55 (11–369) | 1.18 | 0.95–1.48, p = 0.13 | 0.89–1.57, p = 0.54 | |
| Single | 757 | 60.7% | 67 (10–434) | Reference | |||
| Widowed | 11 | 0.9% | 73 (13–826) | 0.42 | 0.21–0.84, p = 0.01 | 0.17–1.02, p = 0.06 | |
| Marital status not recorded | 78 | 6.3% | 54 (14–1039) | 0.89 | 0.67–1.17, p = 0.40 | 0.63–1.26, p = 1.0 | |
| UK Mental Health Act | Compulsory admission within 2 weeks of first presentation | 186 | 14.9% | 3 (1–8) | 4.40 | 3.64–5.32, p<0.001 | 3.64–5.32, p<0.001 |
| Prior Diagnoses | Schizophrenia or related disorders | 183 | 14.7% | 9 (3–75) | 1.39 | 1.17–1.66, p<0.001 | 1.17–1.66, p<0.001 |
| Psychotic depression | 35 | 2.8% | 17 (4–109) | 1.69 | 1.18–2.43, p = 0.004 | 1.18–2.43, p = 0.004 | |
| Unipolar depression without psychotic symptoms | 136 | 10.9% | 237 (35–925) | 0.75 | 0.61–0.92, p = 0.005 | 0.61–0.92, p = 0.005 | |
| Anxiety disorder | 81 | 6.5% | 238 (24–792) | 0.72 | 0.56–0.92, p = 0.009 | 0.56–0.92, p = 0.009 | |
| Personality disorder | 50 | 4.0% | 179 (29–807) | 0.92 | 0.67–1.26, p = 0.61 | 0.67–1.26, p = 0.61 | |
| Alcohol misuse or dependence | 26 | 2.1% | 705 (231–1221) | 0.59 | 0.38–0.90, p = 0.02 | 0.38–0.90, p = 0.02 | |
| Illicit drug misuse or dependence | 33 | 2.6% | 352 (11–1104) | 0.80 | 0.55–1.17, p = 0.24 | 0.55–1.17, p = 0.24 |
*117 cases dropped in Cox regression analysis with treatment delay of 0 days
**Model adjusted for all factors listed in this table
***75% percentile inestimable due to right censoring