Table 2.
Unadjusted Predictors of Hospitalizations and Outpatient Visits
| All-cause hospitalizations | Cardiovascular Hospitalizations | Non-cardiovascular hospitalizations | Outpatient Visits | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 1.08 (0.92-1.27) | 1.29 (1.02-1.64)* | 0.97 (0.80-1.18) | 1.09 (0.95-1.26) |
| Age at Death (years) | ||||
| <75 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 75-83 | 1.05 (0.85-1.31) | 0.98 (0.71-1.37) | 1.10 (0.85-1.42) | 1.04 (0.86-1.25) |
| 84-89 | 0.73 (0.59-0.91) | 0.83 (0.59-1.16) | 0.68 (0.52-0.89) | 0.75 (0.62-0.91) |
| 90 and older | 0.53 (0.42-0.67)‡ | 0.53 (0.37-0.76)‡ | 0.53 (0.40-0.71)‡ | 0.63 (0.53-0.78)‡ |
| Married | 1.29 (1.10-1.52)† | 1.30 (1.03-1.65)* | 1.29 (1.06-1.56)* | 1.27 (1.11-1.45)† |
| Preserved ejection fraction | 1.08 (0.92-1.27) | 0.84 (0.66-1.07) | 1.25 (1.03-1.52)* | 1.09 (0.95-1.24) |
| Lived in a Skilled Nursing Facility | 1.22 (1.04-1.43)* | 0.88 (0.70-1.12) | 1.49 (1.24-1.81)‡ | 1.25 (1.09-1.42)† |
| Charlson comorbidity quartiles | ||||
| 1-2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3-4 | 1.24 (0.99-1.56) | 1.08 (0.77-1.52) | 1.35 (1.02-1.78) | 1.04 (0.86-1.26) |
| 5-6 | 1.36 (1.08-1.72) | 1.34 (0.95-1.91) | 1.36 (1.02-1.81) | 1.15 (0.95-1.39) |
| >6 | 1.98 (1.56-2.50)‡ | 2.07 (1.45-2.95)‡ | 1.89 (1.42-2.52)‡ | 1.33 (1.09-1.63)† |
| Individual Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.22 (1.04-1.43)* | 1.21 (0.95-1.54) | 1.23 (1.01-1.49)* | 1.15 (1.00-1.32) |
| COPD | 1.33 (1.13-1.57)‡ | 1.27 (0.99-1.63) | 1.34 (1.10-1.64)† | 1.11 (0.97-1.27) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.38 (1.17-1.63)‡ | 1.80 (1.41-2.30)‡ | 1.15 (0.94-1.41) | 1.09 (0.95-1.25) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.03 (0.87-1.21) | 1.12 (0.87-1.43) | 0.98 (0.80-1.19) | 1.05 (0.92-1.21) |
| eGFR<60 mL/min per 1.73m2 | 1.00 (0.83-1.20) | 0.96 (0.73-1.26) | 1.02 (0.82-1.28) | 1.07 (0.92-1.25) |
| Malignancy | 1.09 (0.93-1.29) | 0.98 (0.77-1.26) | 1.16 (0.95-1.42) | 1.07 (0.93-1.22) |
| Dementia | 0.55 (0.38-0.80)† | 0.42 (0.22-0.78)† | 0.63 (0.41-0.98)* | 0.77 (0.59-1.01) |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 1.12 (0.95-1.34) | 1.32 (1.02-1.70)* | 1.00 (0.81-1.24) | 1.03 (0.89-1.19) |
| Overweight or obese | 1.15 (0.98-1.36) | 1.21 (0.95-1.55) | 1.12 (0.92-1.37) | 1.01 (0.88-1.15) |
| Year of death | ||||
| 2003-2006 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2007-2009 | 0.71 (0.58-0.87) | 0.62 (0.46-0.84) | 0.78 (0.61-1.00) | 0.91 (0.77-1.07) |
| 2010-2012 | 0.52 (0.42-0.64)‡ | 0.51 (0.37-0.69)‡ | 0.54 (0.42-0.70)‡ | 0.67 (0.56-0.79)‡ |
*
p<0.05
†
p<0.01
‡
p<0.001.
For Charlson comorbidity index quartiles, age at death, and year of death, p values are for trend across categories
COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eGFR= estimated glomerular filtration rate