Table 2.
In vivo quantitative diffusion measurements of articular cartilage
| Sequence1 | Diffusion Directions |
Cartilage2 | D/MD3 (native) |
D/MD3 (OA/injury) |
Diff.4 (%) |
FA (native) |
FA (OA) |
Diff.4 (%) |
N5 | Ref.6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3D-SSFP | 1 | P | 1.60 | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | (95) |
| EPI | 6 | TF | 1.80–1.407 | – | – | 0.25–0.308 | – | – | 5 | (75) |
| TF | 1.70–1.408 | 0.25–0.309 | ||||||||
| 3D-DESS | 3 | P,F,T | 1.22–1.68 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | (90) |
| 3D-DESS | 1 | P | 1.39±0.22 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | (89) |
| F,T | 1.00–1.50 | |||||||||
| S | 2.60±0.24 | |||||||||
| A | 1.15–1.27 | |||||||||
| 3D-DESS | 1 | P,F,T | 1.00–3.5 | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | (88) |
| EPI | 1? | P | 1.17±0.31 | – | – | – | – | – | 30 | (122) |
| EPI | 1? | P | 1.44±0.16 | 1.78±0.32 | 24 | – | – | – | 30/32 | (121) |
| MCF | 1.43±0.18 | 1.76±0.41 | 23 | |||||||
| LCF | 1.45±0.16 | 1.80±0.47 | 24 | |||||||
| MT | 1.44±0.20 | 1.88±0.36 | 31 | |||||||
| LT | 1.43±0.17 | 1.80±0.31 | 26 | |||||||
| LSDTI | 6 | P | 1.00±0.10 | 1.29±0.16 | 29 | 0.30±0.04 | 0.22±0.05 | −26 | 15/10 | (77) |
| P9 | 1.20±0.14 | 1.45±0.14 | 21 | 0.37±0.06 | 0.26±0.07 | −30 | ||||
| P10 | 0.89±0.09 | 1.12±0.16 | 26 | 0.22±0.09 | 0.19±0.16 | −13 | ||||
| LSDTI | 6 | P | 1.08±0.18 | 1.43±0.18 | 32 | 0.29±0.12 | 0.21±0.13 | −28 | 10/3 | (26) |
| TF | 0.87±0.10 | 1.21±0.07 | 39 | 0.32±0.08 | 0.27±0.02 | −15 | ||||
| MCF | 1.12±0.08 | 1.10±0.06 | −2 | 0.29±0.07 | 0.29±0.04 | 0 | ||||
| LF | 1.06±0.14 | 1.31±0.13 | 24 | 0.29±0.07 | 0.21±0.06 | −28 | ||||
| MCT | 1.03±0.17 | 0.89±0.06 | 26 | 0.35±0.05 | 0.30±0.03 | −17 | ||||
| LT | 1.00±0.16 | 1.58±0.07 | 58 | 0.36±0.08 | 0.30±0.03 | −42 |
SSFP = Steady state free precession. EPI = Echo planar imaging. DESS = Double echo steady state. LSDTI = Line scan diffusion tensor sequence
P=Patella; F=Femur; T=Tibia; A=Ankle; S=Synovial fluid; TF= femoral trochlea; MCF=Medial femoral condyle; LCF=Lateral femoral condyle; MT=Medial tibial; LT=Lateral tibial.
The diffusion coefficient (D) for 1 diffusion direction and MD for 3 or 6 directions (units of 10−3 mm2/s).
Diff. = Relative difference. Bold face in the difference indicates significant difference.
N=number of subjects. For clinical studies including patients the number is given as healthy subjects/patients.
Ref. = Reference.
Images acquired after 10 min standing. Values indicate the range from the articular surface to the bone cartilage interface.
Images acquired after 1 h rest. Values indicate the range from the articular surface to the bone cartilage interface.
Average in the 50% more superficial cartilage
Average in the 50% deeper cartilage