Figure 5.

Kaempferol promoted lipolysis and reversed high glucose and fatty acid-impaired AMPK activity and Glut4 expression in muscle cells. C2C12 muscle cells were pretreated with vehicle (C: DMSO) or kaempferol (K1: 1 μM; K2: 10 μM) for 24 h and then incubated in the presence or absence of 20 mM glucose and 0.5 mM palmitate (PA) for another 24 h. (a) Glycerol released into the medium was measured after 24 h. (b) The phosphorylation of AMPKα (p-AMPKα) in whole cell lysates was measured by immunoblotting and normalized to total AMPKα. (c) Glut4 protein expression in the cell lysates was detected and normalized to β-actin content. Data are means ± SE (n = 3). ^∗ p < 0.05 versus vehicle alone (C)-treated cells; ^# p < 0.05 versus PA alone-treated cells.