Table 1.
Characteristics of the patients, type of pathology and endovascular procedure, IOM methodologies, events, and clinical outcome
| Patient No. | Gender | Age, years | Pathology | Endovascular procedure/material | IOM methodology | IOM events | Outcome (48 h after endovascular procedure) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | F | 66 | Spinal cord AVM (C1–C2) Sulcal artery pseudoaneurysm | Embolization/histoacryl | SEPs MEPs PT (L) – | None | No neurological deficits |
| 2 | M | 69 | Vertebral hemangioma (T5) | Embolization/particles | SEPs (awake) | None | No neurological deficits |
| 3 | F | 22 | Spinal cord AVM (C6–C7) | Embolization/Onyx | SEPs MEPs PT (L) – | None | No neurological deficits |
| Embolization/Onyx | SEPs+MEPs PT (L, 2×) – | ↓ 90% MEP amplitude, left APB and biceps, right APB and bilateral TA No changes in bilateral median and tibial SEPs | No neurological deficits | ||||
| 4 | M | 50 | MCA aneurysm (right) | Embolization and remodeling/coils | SEPs MEPs PT (L) + | None | No neurological deficits |
| 5 | M | 74 | ICA aneurysm (right) | Occlusion test/stenting | SEPs MEPs | None | No new neurological deficits |
| 6 | M | 43 | MCA aneurysm (right) | Embolization/coils | SEPs+MEPs CoMEPs(VII) | None | No neurological deficits |
| 7 | M | 69 | Basilar artery (trunk) aneurysm | Stenting and embolization/coils | SEPs+MEPs CoMEPs | None | No neurological deficits |
| 8 | M | 60 | Fronto-opercular AVM (left) | Embolization/Onyx | SEPs MEPs CoMEPs (CTHY)* PT (L+A, 2×) – | ↓ >90% MEP amplitude, extensor digitorum communi (right) ↓ 50% SEP amplitude, right median nerve | Fronto-temporal hematoma Motor aphasia and moderate right hemiparesia and hemihypoesthesia |
| 9 | M | 38 | Frontal AVM (right) | Embolization/Onyx | SEPs MEPs | ↓ 80% MEP amplitude, left AH No changes in bilateral median and tibial SEPs | No neurological deficits |
| Embolization/Onyx | SEPs MEPs PT (L) – | None | No neurological deficits | ||||
| Embolization/Onyx | SEPs+MEPs | None | Repeated focal motor seizures with Todd's paresis: left lower limb plegia after 23 h of orotracheal intubation (recovered after 48 h) | ||||
| 10 | M | 41 | Occipital AVM (left) | Embolization/Onyx | Transcranial VEP | None | No neurological deficits |
| 11 | F | 42 | Cerebellar (vermian) AVM | Embolization/Onyx | SEPs+MEPs CoMEPs (V) PT (L) – | None | No new neurological deficits |
| 12 | M | 51 | Frontal AVM (left) | Embolization/Onyx | SEPs+MEPs CoMEPs(VII) PT (L) – PT (A) – | None | No new neurological deficits |
A = Amobarbital; ICA = internal carotid artery; L = lidocaine; V = trigeminal nerve; VII = facial nerve.
*
Cricothyroid muscle.