Skip to main content
. 2015 May 12;172(11):2799–2813. doi: 10.1111/bph.12974

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effects of an acute low dose of ketamine on antinociception in acute coadministration with morphine. Rats received an acute s.c. dose of ketamine (10 mg·kg–1, Ket) or vehicle (Veh). Morphine was given 15 min before ketamine. Antinociception was measured using tail flick (A) and hot plate (B) tests. The mean of the maximum possible effect (MPE%) ±SEM is plotted. In the rotarod test (C), the mean (±SEM) survival time (seconds) is plotted. Whole brain, serum and liver samples were collected after 90 min of ketamine administration. The tissue concentrations and serum levels of the experimental drugs and their main metabolites (morphine, MO; M3G; ketamine, KET; norketamine, NORKET) in the tissues were quantified and the means of the groups (±SEM) are presented in graphs D–I. The percentage difference between the treatment groups is shown for each compound. n = 8, except n = 7 in the morphine-treated group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; significantly different from the vehicle control group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001; significantly different from morphine only. §P < 0.05, §§§P < 0.001; significantly different from acute ketamine only.