Table 1.
Summary of demographics and baselines characteristics (N = 198)
| Hyperinsulinemic Clamp N = 93 |
Standard Therapy N = 105 |
ASD * | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | |||
| Gender, Male - % | 71 | 73 | 0.05 |
| Age - yrs | 65 ± 15 | 66 ± 12 | 0.01 |
| Body mass index - kg/m2 | 28 [25, 31] | 28 [25, 33] | 0.06 |
| Medical History - % | |||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 19 | 12 | 0.19 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 26 | 33 | 0.17 |
| Stroke | 8 | 6 | 0.07 |
| Hypertension | 72 | 71 | 0.01 |
| Diabetes status | 0.10 | ||
| No diabetes | 67 | 68 | |
| Diet controlled | 4 | 3 | |
| Oral medication controlled | 20 | 19 | |
| Insulin controlled | 9 | 10 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 28 | 30 | 0.06 |
| Myocardial infraction | 22 | 20 | 0.04 |
| Dialysis | 1 | 0 | 0.15 |
| Cardiac surgery | 32 | 26 | 0.14 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 12 | 8 | 0.14 |
| Smoking | 56 | 52 | 0.07 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 25 | 19 | 0.14 |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 1 | 1 | 0.01 |
| Preoperative medication - % | |||
| ACE inhibitor† | 30 | 29 | 0.03 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 10 | 16 | 0.19 |
| Beta Blockers | 42 | 46 | 0.08 |
| Calcium Blockers | 12 | 24 | 0.32 |
| Cox-2 Inhibitor | 3 | 1 | 0.16 |
| Statins | 47 | 55 | 0.16 |
| Steroid | 2 | 6 | 0.18 |
| Anti-Diabetic Drugs | |||
| Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides | 11 | 9 | 0.07 |
| Biguanides (metformin) | 13 | 10 | 0.11 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 5 | 4 | 0.08 |
| Insulin | 13 | 10 | 0.11 |
| CCF severity score | 5 ± 3 | 4 ± 3 | 0.12 |
| ASA physical status - % | 0.26 | ||
| II | 1 | 0 | |
| III | 20 | 18 | |
| IV | 77 | 82 | |
| V | 2 | 0 | |
| Procedure - % | 0.14 | ||
| CABG (No valve) + other | 24 | 21 | |
| CABG + Valve (and anything else) | 28 | 24 | |
| Valve (No CABG) + other | 48 | 55 | |
ACE = Angiotensin-converting enzyme; ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; ASD = Absolute standardized difference; CABG = Coronary Artery Bypass Graft; CCF = Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Statistics are presented as percentage, mean ± SD or median [inter-quartiles].
*
Absolute standardized difference: absolute difference in means or proportions divided by the pooled standard deviation; 0.2, 05, and 0.8 suggest small, medium, and large difference.
†
Including angiotensin receptor blockers