Table 3.
Odds Ratios for association between individual-, school- and city-level variables with self-reported verbal bullying victimization - Multilevel Analysis
| Variable | Bullying (%) | Unadjusted model | Model 1 | Model 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 13.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 15.4 | 1.33 (1.26-1.39) | 1.39 (1.32-1.47) | 1.39 (1.31-1.47) |
| Age | ||||
| 16y or more | 12.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 15y | 12.3 | 1.10 (1.00-1.21) | 1.21 (1.08-1.36) | 1.21 (1.07- 1.35) |
| 14y | 14.7 | 1.25 (1.15- 1.37) | 1.50 (1.35-1.66) | 1.49 (1.34 -1.66) |
| ≤13y | 15.3 | 1.34 (1.22 -1.47) | 1.63 (1.46-1.82) | 1.62 (1.45 -1.82) |
| Race/color | ||||
| White | 14.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Brown or mixed-race | 13.4 | 0.91 (0.86-0.97) | 0.94 (0.88-1.00) | 0.94 (0.89 -1.01) |
| Black | 14.6 | 1.03 (0.95-1.12) | 1.02 (0.93-1.12) | 1.03 (0.94 -1.13) |
| Asian | 14.9 | 0.98 (0.86-1.11) | 1.05 (0.91-1.21) | 1.05 (0.91 -1.21) |
| Native Brazilian Indian | 16.2 | 1.14 (1.02-1.28) | 1.17 (1.03-1.34) | 1.17 (1.03 -1.34) |
| Maternal Educational level | ||||
| Complete higher education | 14.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Complete high school | 14.2 | 1.00 (0.92-1.07) | 1.01 (0.94-1.10) | 1.03 (0.94 -1.12) |
| Complete middle school | 14.1 | 0.99 (0.90-1.08) | 1.03 (0.94-1.14) | 1.05 (0.95- 1.16) |
| Incomplete middle school | 14.4 | 0.99 (0.91-1.07) | 1.08 (0.99-1.18) | 1.10 (1.00- 1.21) |
| Tertiles GS score | ||||
| 1° tertile | 13.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2° tertile | 14.8 | 1.03 (0.97-1.09) | 0.99 (0.93-1.07) | 0.98 (0.91- 1.05) |
| 3° tertile | 14.1 | 1.01 (0.95-1.07) | 0.95 (0.87-1.02) | 0.91 (0.84- 0.99) |
| Family Arrangement | ||||
| Live with both parents | 13.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Live with only one parent | 15.4 | 1.10 (1.04-1.15) | 1.07(1.01-1.13) | 1.07 (1.01-1.13) |
| Other arrangements | 14.2 | 1.11 (1.01-1.23) | 1.14 (1.01-1.28) | 1.14 (1.02- 1.29) |
| Domestic violence | ||||
| None | 12.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Once | 22.5 | 2.09 (1.91-2.28) | 2.09 (1.89-2.31) | 2.09 (1.89- 2.31) |
| Twice or more | 29.4 | 3.35 (3.05-3.67) | 3.41 (3.08-3.79) | 3.37 (3.04- 3.74) |
| Nutritional status | ||||
| Eutrophic | 13.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Underweight | 16.0 | 1.44 (1.26-1.64) | 1.50 (1.29-1.74) | 1.50 (1.29- 1.74) |
| Overweight | 15.4 | 1.16 (1.09-1.24) | 1.17 (1.09-1.26) | 1.17 (1.08- 1.26) |
| Obese | 19.3 | 1.45 (1.33-1.58) | 1.41 (1.27-1.56) | 1.40 (1.27- 1.55) |
| SCHOOL-LEVEL | ||||
| Administrative status | ||||
| Public | 14.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Private | 14.8 | 1.11 (1.04-1.18) | 1.17 (1.04-1.31) | |
| GS score a (school mean) | ||||
| 1sttertile | 13.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2nd tertile | 14.7 | 1.08 (1.00-1.16) | 1.02 (0.94-1.12) | |
| 3rd tertile | 14.4 | 1.11 (1.04-1.18) | 0.96 (0.85- 1.08) | |
| Coefficient of variation | ||||
| 1st tertile (GS score) | 14.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2nd tertil | 14.1 | 1.03 (0.96-1.11) | 1.11 (1.02-1.21) | |
| 3rd tertil | 13.8 | 0.94 (0.88-1.02) | 1.07 (0.97- 1.18) | |
| CITY-LEVEL | ||||
| Homicide rate | ||||
| 1st tertile | 14.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2nd tertile | 14.1 | 0.91 (0.81-1.02) | 0.94 (0.83-1.05) | |
| 3rd tertile | 13.4 | 0.99 (0.89-1.11) | 1.00 (0.89-1.12) | |
| GINI Index | ||||
| 1st tertile | 14.3 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2nd tertile | 13.2 | 0.99 (0.89-1.12) | 0.94 (0.83- 1.06) | |
| 3rd tertile | 13.7 | 1.02 (0.91-1.15) | 0.96 (0.85- 1.08) | |
| Tertiles of per capita income | ||||
| 1st tertile | 13.3 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2nd tertile | 14.5 | 0.98 (0.88-1.09) | 0.98 (0.87- 1.10) | |
| 3rd tertile | 15.9 | 1.13 (1.02-1.26) | 1.11 (0.97- 1.27) |
Model 1: adjusted by all individual-level covariates; Model 2: adjusted by individual-level, school-level and city-level covariates. aGoods and Services Score.
OR = Odds Ratio.
Bold data reflect statistical significance (p<.05).