Table 3.
Summary of the frequency and distribution of diagnostic components for MetS at baseline (Pre), midway (Mid), and completion (Post) of the 1-year experimental period in Control and Yoga groups
| Control group (n=98 for PP, n=137 for ITT) | Yoga group (n=84 for PP, n=146 for ITT) | P-value | Effect size | P-value | Effect size | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 55.7 ± 9.4 (range 37 to 77) years | 56.3 ± 8.8 (range 38 to 75) years | (PP) | (PP) | (ITT) | (ITT) | ||||
| No. of subjects recovered from MetS after 1-yr (i.e., < 3 components) | 34 | 37 | 0.197 | 0.061 | 0.150 | 0.064 | ||||
| No. of subjects had increased no. of MetS components after 1-yr | 13 | 13 | 0.026* | 0.146 | 0.020* | 0.134 | ||||
| No. of subjects had unchanged no. of MetS component after 1-yr | 35 | 15 | ||||||||
| No. of subjects had decreased no. of MetS components after 1-yr | 50 | 56 | ||||||||
| Pre | Mid | Post | Pre | Mid | Post | |||||
| No. of subjects had 0 MetS component | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 4 (4.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 4 (4.8%) | - | - | - | - |
| No. of subjects had 1 MetS component | 0 (0%) | 8 (8.2%) | 9 (9.2%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (11.9%) | 11 (13.1%) | - | - | - | - |
| No. of subjects had 2 MetS components | 0 (0%) | 25 (25.5%) | 21 (21.4%) | 0 (0%) | 16 (19.1%) | 22 (26.2%) | - | - | - | - |
| No. of subjects had 3 MetS components | 55 (56.1%) | 26 (26.5%) | 32 (32.6%) | 50 (59.5%) | 35 (41.7%) | 26 (31.0%) | - | - | - | - |
| No. of subjects had 4 MetS components | 32 (32.6%) | 30 (30.6%) | 25 (25.5%) | 26 (31.0%) | 21 (25.0%) | 20 (23.8%) | - | - | - | - |
| No. of subjects had 5 MetS components | 11 (11.2%) | 8 (8.2%) | 7 (7.1%) | 8 (9.5%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (1.2%) | - | - | - | - |
| No. of subjects had central obesity | 93 (94.9%) | 77 (78.6%) | 80 (81.6%) | 76 (90.5%) | 66 (78.6%) | 54 (64.3%) | 0.018** | 0.145 | 0.279 | 0.378 |
| No. of subjects had high systolic blood pressure | 61 (62.2%) | 54 (55.1%) | 49 (50.0%) | 52 (61.9%) | 43 (51.2%) | 40 (47.6%) | 0.497 | 0.045 | 0.463 | 0.358 |
| No. of subjects had high diastolic blood pressure | 41 (41.8%) | 36 (36.7%) | 33 (33.7%) | 39 (46.4%) | 25 (29.8%) | 27 (32.1%) | 0.428 | 0.063 | 0.491 | 0.346 |
| No. of subjects had elevated fasting plasma glucose | 48 (49.0%) | 42 (42.9%) | 34 (34.7%) | 43 (51.2%) | 38 (45.2%) | 32 (38.1%) | 0.644 | 0.034 | 0.512 | 0.359 |
| No. of subjects had elevated fasting plasma triglycerides | 72 (73.5%) | 60 (61.2%) | 60 (61.2%) | 52 (61.9%) | 48 (57.1%) | 42 (50.0%) | 0.758 | 0.019 | 0.372 | 0.362 |
| No. of subjects had low plasma HDL-cholesterol | 67 (68.4%) | 55 (56.1%) | 55 (56.1%) | 57 (67.9%) | 46 (54.8%) | 44 (52.4%) | 0.580 | 0.035 | 0.479 | 0.350 |
According to the diagnostic guideline of NCEP ATP III criteria, an individual is diagnosed with MetS when acquiring three or more of following conditions: 1) central obesity (waist circumference exceeds 90 cm or 80 cm for Asian male and female, respectively), 2) hypertension (systolic pressure equals to or is greater than 130 mmHg or diastolic pressure equals to or is greater than 85 mmHg), 3) elevated blood glucose (fasting plasma glucose level equals to or is higher than 100 mg/dL), 4) elevated blood triglyceride (blood triglyceride level equals to or exceeds 150 mg/dL), and 5) low level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C; level equals or is less than 40 mg/dL for male and 50 mg/dL for female). *Change of no. of MetS components after 1-yr experimental period (increased, unchanged or decreased) was significantly associated with the intervention (yoga or control), **Diagnostic change of the presence of central obesity after 1-yr experimental period (still fulfilled the MetS criterion as central obesity or no longer met with the MetS criterion as central obesity) was significantly associated with the intervention (yoga or control) according to our Chi-square analysis. PP; per protocol analysis, ITT; intention-to-treat analysis.