Table 1.
Patient characteristics as a function of illness severity as indicated by PIRO category
| Total cohort (n = 1,168) | PIRO 1 to 7 (n = 413) | PIRO 8 to 14 (n = 532) | PIRO >14 (n = 223) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 62 (17) | 54 (16) | 64 (17) | 72 (14) |
| Male sex (%) | 650 (56) | 211 ((51) | 295 (55) | 144 (65) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| COPD | 191 (16) | 23 (6) | 101 (19) | 67 (30) |
| Heart disease | 104 (9) | 24 (6) | 51 (10) | 29 (13) |
| Liver disease (1) | 42 (4) | 11 (3) | 13 (2) | 18 (13) |
| Renal disease (1) | 172 (15) | 55 (13) | 72 (14) | 45 (20) |
| Malignancy− | 137 (12) | 41 (10) | 57 (11) | 39 (17) |
| Malignancy+ (2) | 131 (11) | 32 (8) | 63 (12) | 36 (16) |
| Immune-compromised (1) | 410 (35) | 159 (38) | 163 (31) | 88 (39) |
| Nursing home (1) | 79 (7) | 4 (1) | 29 (5) | 46 (21) |
| DNR status (6) | 277 (24) | 40 (10) | 133 (25) | 104 (47) |
| Medication use at ED presentation, n (%) | ||||
| β-Blocker/Ca-antagonist (13) | 348 (30) | 103 (25) | 169 (32) | 76 (34) |
| Statins (11) | 284 (33) | 81 (20) | 142 (27) | 61 (27) |
| Antibiotic use (10) | 306 (26) | 99 (24) | 138 (26) | 69 (69) |
| Vital signs at ED presentation, mean (SD) | ||||
| Respiratory rate (per minute) (373) | 26 (8) | 18 (4) | 27 (7) | 30 (8) |
| Oxygen saturation (%) (60) | 95 (5) | 97 (3) | 94 (6) | 93 (6) |
| Heart rate (per minute) (40) | 109 (20) | 105 (18) | 109 (20) | 116 (23) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) (186) | 133 (27) | 130 (24) | 137 (27) | 129 (30) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) (187) | 76 (17) | 75 (15) | 77 (17) | 72 (19) |
| Temperature (°C) (32) | 38.7 (2.3) | 38.6 (1.8) | 38.9 (2.8) | 38.7 (1.2) |
| Altered mental status | 208 (18) | 40 (10) | 100 (19) | 68 (30) |
| Febrile chills | 278 (24) | 126 (31) | 114 (21) | 38 (17) |
| Laboratory, median (IQR) | ||||
| Lactate (mmol/L) (202) | 1.8 (1.3-2.5) | 1.6 (1.2-2.1) | 1.7 (1.3-2.4) | 2.2 (1.6-4.0) |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) (9) | 87 (66–118) | 81 (65–102) | 83 (64–116) | 110 (82–156) |
| Urea (mmol/L) (31) | 6.8 (5–10.1) | 5.6 (4.4-7.6) | 6.8 (5.0-9.9) | 10 (7.7-14.4) |
| Platelets (1012/mm3) (24) | 210 (155–282) | 209 (164–279) | 218 (163–287) | 182 (117–270) |
| Bilirubin (μmol/L) (404) | 12 (8–18) | 12 (9–18) | 12 (8–18) | 13 (9–24) |
| Suspected site of infection, n (%) | ||||
| Lung | 617 (513 | 105 (25) | 326 (61) | 186 (83) |
| UTI | 335 (29) | 113 (27) | 145 (27) | 77 (35) |
| Abdominal | 199 (17) | 89 (22) | 83 (16) | 27 (12) |
| Skin | 97 (8) | 63 (15) | 27 (5) | 7 (3) |
| Neurological | 33 (3) | 10 (1) | 16 (3) | 7 (3) |
| Other | 192 (16) | 86 (21) | 86 (16) | 20 (9) |
Data are presented as mean (SD) if normally distributed, or as median (IQR) if rightly skewed. Categorical data are presented as number (%). Percentages of suspected sites of infection do not add up to a 100% because some patients had multiple suspected sites of infection at the time of ED presentation. Missing values are shown in bold between brackets for every variable.
BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DNR status, do not resuscitate status; ED, emergency department; IQR, interquartile range; Malignancy−, malignancy without metastases; Malignancy+, malignancy with metastases and hematologic malignancy; MV, missing value; PIRO, Predisposition, Infection, Response, and Organ failure score; SD, standard deviation; UTI, urinary tract infection.