Table 2.
Means and standard deviations of exposure variables, covariates and outcome variables for the total study group and stratified by body mass index category and country
| Variables under study | Total study group | Thinness and normal weight* | Overweight (including obesity)* | BUL † | CZE † | LTU † | PRT † | SWE † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Exposure variables (hours/day) | ||||||||
| Sleep duration | 9.7 (0.9) | 9.7 (0.9) | 9.6 (0.9) | 9.6 (1.1) | 10.0 (0.8) | 9.5 (0.8) | 9.7 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.7) |
| Screen time | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 1.7 (0.9) | 2.6 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.8) |
| TV time | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.6) |
| PC time | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.7) | 0.7 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) |
| Covariates | ||||||||
| Outdoor play time (hours/day) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.7) |
| BMI-for-Age z-score | 0.36 (1.22) | -0.21 (0.78) | 1.91 (0.76) | 0.37 (1.36) | 0.11 (1.20) | 0.31 (1.19) | 0.72 (1.21) | 0.26 (1.06) |
| Outcome variables – food consumption frequencies (days/week) | ||||||||
| Fresh fruit | 5.1 (2.1) | 5.0 (2.1) | 5.1 (2.1) | 4.2 (2.1) | 5.6 (1.8) | 4.4 (2.1) | 5.6 (2.0) | 5.9 (1.8) |
| Vegetables (excluding potatoes) | 4.6 (2.1) | 4.6 (2.1) | 4.5 (2.2) | 4.2 (2.0) | 4.5 (2.1) | 4.0 (2.1) | 4.7 (2.3) | 5.6 (1.9) |
| 100% fruit juice | 2.8 (2.1) | 2.8 (2.1) | 2.7 (2.1) | 3.2 (2.3) | 2.0 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.9) | 2.5 (2.2) | 2.5 (2.1) |
| Soft drinks containing sugar | 2.5 (2.1) | 2.5 (2.1) | 2.5 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.5) | 3.6 (2.5) | 2.4 (1.8) | 2.1 (2.1) | 2.0 (1.2) |
| Diet/light soft drinks | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.5) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.8 (1.3) |
| Low-fat/semi-skimmed milk | 3.3 (2.9) | 3.2 (2.9) | 3.5 (3.0) | 1.7 (2.0) | 1.3 (2.2) | 2.5 (2.5) | 6.1 (2.1) | 4.5 (2.8) |
| Whole-fat milk | 2.2 (2.5) | 2.3 (2.6) | 1.9 (2.4) | 2.8 (2.2) | 2.6 (2.7) | 3.0 (2.6) | 0.7 (2.0) | 1.5 (2.4) |
| Flavoured milk | 1.7 (2.0) | 1.7 (1.9) | 1.8 (2.0) | 1.2 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.9) | 1.5 (1.4) | 3.0 (2.7) | 1.6 (1.8) |
| Cheese | 3.4 (2.2) | 3.3 (2.2) | 3.4 (2.2) | 4.2 (2.1) | 4.4 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.0) | 2.8 (2.3) | 2.9 (2.2) |
| Yoghurt, cream cheese/quark or other dairy products | 4.7 (2.1) | 4.7 (2.2) | 4.8 (2.1) | 4.4 (2.1) | 5.5 (1.8) | 4.7 (2.1) | 5.4 (2.0) | 4.2 (2.3) |
| Meat | 4.6 (1.9) | 4.6 (1.9) | 4.6 (1.9) | 4.3 (2.1) | 4.7 (1.7) | 5.0 (1.9) | 4.7 (1.9) | 4.4 (1.6) |
| Fish | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.9) | 2.3 (1.1) |
| Potato chips (crisps), corn chips, popcorn or peanuts | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.6) | 3.6 (2.1) | 1.6 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.7 (0.8) |
| Candy bars or chocolate | 3.0 (1.9) | 3.1 (1.9) | 3.0 (1.9) | 4.5 (2.2) | 2.8 (1.7) | 3.6 (2.0) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.0 (0.6) |
| Biscuits, cakes, doughnuts or pies | 2.8 (1.8) | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.8 (1.8) | 3.6 (2.1) | 2.7 (1.6) | 3.1 (1.8) | 2.7 (1.8) | 2.0 (1.0) |
| Pizza, French fries (chips), hamburgers, sausages or meat pies | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 3.3 (2.0) | 1.5 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.9 (0.7) |
BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.
*BMI classification according to the WHO criteria [35].
†The country codes refer to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3166–1 Alpha-3 country codes: BUL: Bulgaria, CZE: Czech Republic, LTU: Lithuania, PRT: Portugal, SWE: Sweden.