Table 1. Characteristics of studies from the Caribbean region describing distribution of selected social determinants by diabetes prevalence, control, complications and diabetes-related risk factors.

Article Title	Study Type/Title	Sample Size	Age ranges	Study-base	Country	Relationships studied (RISK OF BIAS)
Ageyamang, 2009	Cross-sectional	855	12–17	School-based	Suriname	Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH); Physical activity and gender (HIGH)
Anderson, 2011	Cross-sectional	857	24–74	Population-based	Jamaica	Diabetes prevalence and gender (HIGH; Impaired fasting glucose and gender (HIGH); Obesity (BMI) and gender (MEDIUM); Obesity (WC) and gender MEDIUM); Smoking and gender (HIGH); Aspect of diet and gender (HIGH)
Andrade, 2009	Cross-sectional/ Study of Health and Well-being in the Elderly in Latin America and the Caribbean(SABE)	13753	60+	Population-based	Barbados & Cuba	Diabetes prevalence and gender (HIGH)
Apparico, 2007	Cross-sectional	132	27–81	Health facility	Trinidad	Diabetes control (HbA1c) by gender(HIGH)
Atallah, 2007	Cross-sectional/ Prevalence of Hypertension in a Population Précaire Guadeloupéenne	2420	18–69	Health facility	Guadeloupe	Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH); Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Smoking and gender (HIGH)
Atallah, 2011	Cross-sectional/ APHYGUAD study	685	18–74	Population-based	Guadelope	Physical activity and gender(HIGH)
Barbosa, 2010	Cross-sectional/ SABE	1508	60+	Population-based	Barbados	Diabetes prevalence and gender(MEDIUM); Obesity (BMI) and gender (LOW); Obesity (WC) and gender (LOW); Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Smoking and gender (MEDIUM)
Barbosa, 2011	Cross-sectional/ SABE	3413	60+	Population-based	Cuba & Barbados	Diabetes prevalence and gender(MEDIUM); Obesity (BMI) and gender (LOW); Obesity (WC) and gender (LOW); Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Smoking and gender (MEDIUM)
Barcelo, 2007	Cross-sectional/ SABE	13753	60+	Population-based	Barbados & Cuba	Diabetes prevalence and gender (MEDIUM); Obesity (BMI) and gender(LOW); Obesity (WC) and gender (LOW); Smoking and gender (MEDIUM)
Barcelo, 2007	Cohort	504	>0	Population-based	Cuba	Mortality and gender (HIGH)
Barrett, 2013	Cross-sectional	276	14–19	School-based	Jamaica	Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH); Obesity (WC) and gender (HIGH)
Block, 2012	Cross-sectional/Grenada Heart Project, 2005–2007	2017	18–104	Population-based	Grenada (Petit Martinique & Carriacou)	Diabetes prevalence and gender (MEDIUM); Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Obesity (BMI) and gender (MEDIUM); Smoking and gender (MEDIUM); Obesity (WC) and gender (MEDIUM); Metabolic syndrome and gender(HIGH); Aspect of diet and gender(HIGH)
Bourne, 2011	Cross-sectional/ Jamaica Surveys of Living Conditions(JSLC)	31,801	>18	Population-based	Jamaica	Diabetes prevalence and gender(HIGH)
Boyne, 2010	Cross-sectional/ International Collaborative Study of Hypertension in Blacks (ICSHIB)	393	25–74	Population-based	Jamaica	Obesity (BMI) and gender(HIGH); Obesity (WC) and gender (HIGH)
Brathwaite, N, 2011	Cross-sectional	2469	21–60	Population-based	Bahamas	Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH)
Chadee, 2013	Cross-sectional	15649	>17	Institution-based	Trinidad and Tobago	Diabetes prevalence and gender (HIGH)
Colon-Lopez, 2013	Cross-sectional/Puerto Rico Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS-PR)	593	>18	Population-based	Puerto Rico	Aspect of diet and gender (LOW)
Cruz, 2013	Cross-sectional	275	≥ 21	Tertiary Institution-based	Puerto Rico	Physical activity and gender (HIGH)
Cumberbatch, 2011	Cross-sectional/ Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2007–2008 (JHLS 2007–8)	2,432	15–74	Population-based	Jamaica	Diabetes prevalence and gender (HIGH); Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH); Smoking and gender (HIGH)
Cunningham-Myrie, 2013	Cross-sectional/JHLS 2007–8)	2848	15–74	Population-based	Jamaica	Obesity (BMI) and gender (MEDIUM); Obesity (WC) and gender (MEDIUM); Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Diabetes prevalence and gender (MEDIUM)
da Silva Coquiera, 2009	Cross-sectional/SABE	1905	>60	Population-based	Cuba	Obesity (BMI) and gender (LOW)
da Silva Coqueiro, R., 2010	Cross-sectional/SABE	1905	≥ 60	Population-based	Cuba	Obesity (BMI) and gender(MEDIUM)
Diaz Sanchez, 2009	Cross-sectional/ Second National Survey on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases (ENFRENT II)	19519	≥ 20	Population-based	Cuba	Obesity (BMI) and gender (MEDIUM); Obesity (WC) and gender (MEDIUM)
Fabelo, 2013	Cross-sectional	108	(No range given)	Institution-based	Cuba	Smoking and gender (HIGH)
Fabian, 2013	Cross-sectional	275	≥ 21	Tertiary Institution-based	Puerto Rico	Aspect of diet and gender (HIGH)
Ferguson, 2008	Cross-sectional/ Jamaica Healthy Lifestyle Survey 2000–2001 (JHLS 2000–2001)	2012	15–74	Population-based	Jamaica	Diabetes prevalence and gender (HIGH/UNCLEAR); Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH/UNCLEAR); Obesity (WC) and gender (HIGH/UNCLEAR); Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Smoking and gender (HIGH)
Ferguson, 2010a	Prospective Cohort /Spanish Town	708	25–74	Population-based	Jamaica	Diabetes prevalence and gender(HIGH); Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH); Obesity (WC) and gender (HIGH); Smoking and gender (HIGH)
Ferguson, 2010b	Cohort study/1986 Jamaica Birth Cohort	839	18–20	Population-based	Jamaica	Obesity (BMI) and gender(MEDIUM); Obesity (WC) and gender (MEDIUM); Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Impaired fasting glucose and gender (MEDIUM); Metabolic syndrome and gender (MEDIUM)
Ferguson, 2011	Cross-sectional/ (JHLS 2007–8)	2848	15–74	Population-based	Jamaica	Diabetes prevalence and gender (HIGH); Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH/UNCLEAR); Obesity (WC) and gender (HIGH/UNCLEAR); Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Smoking and gender (HIGH); Diabetes control(FG) and gender (HIGH/UNCLEAR)
Foucan,2007	Cross-sectional	966	18–74	Health facility	Guadelope	Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH); Obesity (WC) and gender (HIGH); Impaired fasting glucose and gender(HIGH)
Garza, 2011	Cross-sectional/Asthma Depression and Anxiety in Puerto Rican Youth	872	10–19	Population-based	Puerto Rico	Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH);
Gonzalez, 2013	Cross-sectional	274	21–53	Tertiary Institution-based	Puerto Rico	Smoking and gender (HIGH)
Kim, 2007	Cross-sectional/SABE	Cuba-1904, Bdos-1508	>60	Population-based	Barbados Cuba	Smoking and gender(HIGH)
Laborde, 2013	Cross-sectional/Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2006,2010)	6025	>18	Population-based	Puerto Rico	Obesity (BMI) and gender (MEDIUM)
Latchan, 2010	Cross-sectional	688	18–92	Health Facility	Trinidad	Obesity (WC) and gender (HIGH); Diabetes prevalence and gender (HIGH)
Llibre, 2011	Prospective cohort/10/66 Study	3015	65+	Population-based	Cuba	Diabetes prevalence and gender (MEDIUM)
Modeste, 2007	Cross-sectional	407	18–74	Faith-based institution	Barbados	Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Diabetes prevalence and gender (HIGH)
Nam, 2012	Cross-sectional/ SABE	Bdos 994 Cuba 1073	60+	Population-based	Barbados and Cuba	Diabetes prevalence and gender (MEDIUM); Obesity (BMI) and gender (MEDIUM); Obesity (WC) and gender (MEDIUM); Smoking and gender (MEDIUM)
Naranjo, 2013	Cross-sectional	620	>18	Health facility-based	Cuba	Obesity(WC) and gender (HIGH)
Nemesure, 2007	Cohort study/ Barbados Eye Study (BES)	4314	40 and older	Population-based	Barbados	Obesity (BMI) and gender (LOW)
Nemesure 2008a	Cohort study/ (BES)	2793	40–84	Population-based	Barbados	Obesity incidence (BMI) and gender (MEDIUM); Diabetes incidence and gender (MEDIUM)
Nemesure, 2008b	Cohort study/ (BES)	1790	40–84	Population-based	Barbados	Obesity incidence (BMI) and gender (MEDIUM)
Nunez, 2011	Cross-sectional	53	26–80	Health facility based	US Virgin Islands	Diabetes control (HbA1c) and gender (HIGH)
Palloni, 2007	Cross-sectional/ SABE	3713	60+	Population-based	Barbados & Cuba	Diabetes prevalence and gender (HIGH)
Perez, 2008	Cross-sectional	867	21–79	Population-based	Puerto Rico	Impaired fasting glucose and gender (LOW); Obesity (WC) and gender (LOW); Metabolic syndrome and gender (MEDIUM
Sinnapah, 2009	Cross-sectional	122	17–66	Health facility based	Guadelope	Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH); Aspect of diet and gender (HIGH)
Sinnapah, 2009	Cross-sectional	780	10–18	School-based	Guadelope	Physical activity and gender (HIGH); Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH)
Sinnapah, 2009	Cross-sectional	720	11–17	School-based	Guadelope	Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH); Obesity (WC) and gender (HIGH)
Soloway, 2009	Cross-sectional	278	18–91	Population-based/Convenience sample	Saba(Netherlands)	Obesity (BMI) and gender (HIGH)
Tulloch-Reid, 2013	Cross-sectional/JHLS 2007–8	1432	40–74	Population-based	Jamaica	Smoking and gender (HIGH)