Table 4. Characteristics of population-based cross-sectional and cohort studies providing information on the distribution of smoking prevalence by gender.

Author, year published	Sample size	Country	Sex (% Male)	Age range	Risk of bias assessment
Anderson, 2011	857	Jamaica	40.1%	24–74	Response rate 62%; No adjustment for confounders
Block, 2012	2017	Grenada	39.8%	18–104	Response rate 64%; Adjustment for age; No assessment of precision of estimates
Cumberbatch, 2011	2848	Jamaica	31.0%	15–74	Response rate 98%; No adjustment for confounders
Ferguson, 2008	2012	Jamaica	33.5%	15–74	Response rate 87.6%; No adjustment for confounders
Ferguson, 2010a	708	Jamaica	36.8%	25–74	54% follow-up of original cohort; No adjustment for confounders
Kim, 2008	1504 1904	Barbados Cuba	38.7% 37.2%	> = 60	Response rate 81% in Barbados, 95.3% in Cuba; Adjusted for age