Table 3. Phytoestrogen concentrations in milk on dairy farms with organic production system (ORG) and short-term (ORG-SG) or long-term grassland management (ORG-LG) and dairy farms with conventional production system (CON) and short-term (CON-SG) or long-term grassland management (CON-LG) during indoor (IN) and outdoor-feeding periods (OUT).
| Phytoestrogen, μg/kg milk | Farming system | Season | P-value | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORG-SG | ORG-LG | CON-SG | CON-LG | SEM | IN | OUT | SEM | G 1 | P(G) 2 | M 3 | G×M 4 | P(G) ×M 5 | ORG-SG vs. ORG-LG 6 | CON-SG vs. CON-LG 7 | ORG vs. CON 8 | IN vs. OUT 9 | |
| n | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 112 | 56 | |||||||||||
| Isoflavones | |||||||||||||||||
| Biochanin A | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.26 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.94 | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.09 | 0.02 |
| Genistein | 4.2 a | 3.4 b | 3.4 b | 3.1 b | 0.17 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.16 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.76 | 0.003 | 0.28 | 0.003 | 0.98 |
| Formononetin | 6.8 a | 3.9 b | 3.7 b | 3.3 b | 0.34 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 0.34 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.31 | 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.49 | <0.001 | 0.06 |
| Daidzein | 5.2 a | 2.6 b | 2.1 b | 1.6 b | 0.35 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 0.34 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.37 | <0.001 | 0.29 | <0.001 | 0.03 |
| Prunetin | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.23 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.20 | 0.76 | 0.31 | 0.65 | 0.20 | 0.93 | 0.58 | 0.89 | 0.15 | 0.34 |
| Equol | 240.5 a | 65.4 b | 53.3 b | 34.1 b | 20.33 | 122.6 | 49.8 | 19.22 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.51 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sum isoflavones | 259.2 a | 76.8 b | 63.7 b | 43.5 b | 21.08 | 135.5 | 61.4 | 19.80 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.51 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Lignans | |||||||||||||||||
| Secoisolariciresinol | 12.2 a | 12.2 a b | 10.7 b | 11.6 a b | 0.41 | 12.5 | 10.0 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.96 | 0.14 | 0.008 | <0.001 |
| Matairesinol | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.07 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.72 | 0.96 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.98 | 0.65 | 0.96 | 0.99 | <0.001 |
| Enterodiol | 0.5 a | 0.3 a b | 0.3 b | 0.3 a b | 0.05 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 0.77 | 0.006 | 0.01 |
| Enterolactone | 100.7 a | 79.7 a b | 62.8 b | 66.4 a b | 10.25 | 53.1 | 126.0 | 10.59 | 0.51 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.80 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sum lignans | 114.0 a | 90.6 a b | 74.4 b | 78.9 a b | 10.69 | 66.8 | 134.9 | 10.84 | 0.49 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.77 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Coumestans | |||||||||||||||||
| Coumestrol 10 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.40 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.28 | 0.87 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.66 | 0.35 | 0.53 | 0.69 | 0.31 | 0.13 |
1 G = Effect of grassland management.
2 P(G) = Effect of production system within grassland management.
3 M = Effect of month.
4 G×M = Interaction between grassland management and month.
5 P(G)×M = Interaction between production system within grassland management and month.
6 Contrast of ORG-SG vs. ORG-LG.
7 Contrast of CON-SG vs. CON-LG.
8 Contrast of ORG vs. CON.
9 Contrast of IN vs. OUT.
10 Not analyzed in 2008; only month 2, 6 and 10 in 2007 included; n (farming system) = 21, n (IN) = 56, n (OUT) = 28.
a, b Means within a row with different letters differ (Tukey-Kramer test, P < 0.05).