Table 3.

Associations between maternal and paternal smoking during the pregnancy period and offspring probable ADHD based on mother, teacher, and combined mother-teacher report

	Mother (N = 4,463)			Teacher (N = 4,283)			Mother/Teacherb
	Odds ratio	95 % Confidence		Odds ratio	95 % Confidence		Odds ratio	95 % Confidence
Unadjusted
Maternal prenatal smoking	1.82	1.45	2.29	1.69	1.33	2.14	1.49	1.03	2.17
Paternal prenatal smoking	1.53	1.25	1.86	1.32	1.09	1.61	1.48	1.07	2.03
Parental prenatal smoking (vs neither smoking)
Only mother smoked	1.55	0.80	3.00	1.27	0.62	2.61	0.37	0.05	2.70
Only father smoked	1.34	1.04	1.72	1.09	0.84	1.40	1.36	0.92	2.02
Both mother and father smoked	2.12	1.60	2.82	1.91	1.43	2.55	2.06	1.32	3.20
Adjusteda
Maternal prenatal smoking	1.44	1.06	1.96	1.33	0.96	1.84	1.45	0.88	2.41
Paternal prenatal smoking	1.17	0.92	1.49	1.10	0.86	1.40	1.11	0.76	1.64
Parental prenatal smoking (vs neither smoking)
Only mother smoked	1.15	0.54	2.46	1.06	0.47	2.39	0.34	0.05	2.62
Only father smoked	1.04	0.78	1.40	0.92	0.68	1.25	1.00	0.63	1.59
Both mother and father smoked	1.49	1.02	2.18	1.28	0.85	1.91	1.55	0.85	2.85

^aAdjusted for child sex and age as well as mother’s age, educational achievement, maternal psychological distress, current smoking at the time of the interview, employment, marital status, number of live births and West versus East European region. There was also missing data on some covariates including mother’s employment (N = 339), current smoking status (N = 303), psychological distress (N = 215), marital status (N = 150), age (N = 34), and child’s age (N = 18) and sex (N = 1). Missing data on covariates was handled with list-wise deletion, thus the analytic sample size for the fully-adjusted models was 3,870

^bBoth mother and teacher reported probable ADHD (≥7 on inattention and hyperactivity SDQ items)