Table 3.

Changes in the physical and biochemical parameters for the F₁ generation receiving control diet or HFD at 12 weeks (a) and 24 weeks (b)

	F0 CON diet	F1–24 (weeks)						F1–36 (weeks)
		MHFD × FHFD		MHFD × FCON		MCON × FHFD		MCON × FHFD
		CON diet	HFD	CON diet	HFD	CON diet	HFD	CON diet	HFD
(a)
Male
n	18	0	1	3	3	6	5	2	2
Body weight (g)	401 ± 8.32	–	383	472 ± 23.18*	504 ± 40.15*	424 ± 31.76	449 ± 40	380 ± 10*	295 ± 5*
BMI (kg/m2)	6.20 ± 0.07	–	5.88	7.06 ± 0.13*	7.44 ± 0.43*	6.67 ± 0.29	6.89 ± 0.20*	6.30 ± 0.06	5.04 ± 0.40*
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.51 ± 0.07	–	2.06	2.17 ± 0.14*	1.61 ± 0.25	1.48 ± 0.09	1.90 ± 0.18	2.22 ± 0.45*	1.94 ± 0.22
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	4.44 ± 0.11	–	8.33	5.88 ± 0.13*	6.61 ± 0.32*	5.61 ± 0.35*	5.38 ± 0.15*	5.05 ± 0.56	5.94 ± 0.17
Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	7.22 ± 0.40	–	9.1	8.38 ± 0.29	10.16 ± 0.59*	7.77 ± 0.45	9.55 ± 0.91*	5.55 ± 0.39*	5.61 ± 0.50*
Insulin (pmol/L)	215 ± 19	–	367	328 ± 28	318 ± 73	293 ± 53	275 ± 60	98 ± 50*	149 ± 60*
HOMA IR	9.41 ± 0.85	–	22.45	14.08 ± 0.96	14.98 ± 2.81	7.55 ± 1.69	7.45 ± 2.96	6.14 ± 2.72*	10.09 ± 4.38
Female
n	17	0	2	0	2	3	4	1	2
Body weight (g)	242 ± 4.89	–	263 ± 12	–	308 ± 9.50*	207 ± 4.63	281 ± 36*	210	245 ± 15
BMI (kg/m2)	5.12 ± 0.08	–	6.41 ± 0.13	–	6.24 ± 0.33*	5.74 ± 0.13*	6.23 ± 0.27*	4.76	6.12 ± 0.07*
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.16 ± 0.13	–	2.83 ± 0.16	–	1.23 ± 0.21	2.20 ± 0.20*	1.83 ± 0.22	1.97	2.34 ± 0.12*
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	4.83 ± 0.17	–	5.05 ± 0.83	–	6.27 ± 0.44*	5.16 ± 0.16	5.27 ± 0.19	4.39	4.33 ± 0.39
Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	6.66 ± 0.23	–	10.77 ± 3.39	–	8.60 ± 0.83*	6.44 ± 1.05	6.55 ± 0.33	5.27	6.27 ± 0.11
Insulin (pmol/L)	129 ± 16	–	88 ± 10	–	218 ± 34	186 ± 18	205 ± 41	123	141 ± 66*
HOMA IR	5.48 ± 0.80	–	3.34 ± 0.92	–	9.91 ± 0.86*	7 ± 0.45	6.26 ± 2.38	7.28	12.45 ± 8.20*

	F0 CON Diet	F1–24 (weeks)						F1–36 (weeks)
		MHFD × FHFD		MHFD × FCON		MCON X FHFD		MCON × FHFD
		CON diet	HFD	CON diet	HFD	CON diet	HFD	CON diet	HFD
(b)
Male
n	18	0	1	2	2	3	2	1	0
Body weight (g)	521 ± 10.20	–	490	635 ± 25*	765 ± 75*	533 ± 96.67	610 ± 90*	510	–
BMI (kg/m2)	6.83 ± 0.09	–	6.98	8.40 ± 0.33*	9.42 ± 0.92*	6.90 ± 0.73	8.16 ± 0.46	7.26	–
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.40 ± 0.11	–	2.12	3.43 ± 0.44*	3.79 ± 0.64*	3.19 ± 0.21*	3.04 ± 0.97*	2.09	–
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	4.55 ± 0.13	–	6.77	6.22 ± 0.06*	6.44 ± 0.44*	5.38 ± 0.59	6.94 ± 1.36*	5.44	–
Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	6.38 ± 0.23	–	7.38	11.93 ± 0.36*	10.77 ± 2.97*	8.55 ± 0.13*	8.27 ± 1.67	7.6	–
Insulin (pmol/L)	262 ± 31	–	291	307 ± 151	783 ± 133*	234 ± 22	381 ± 101	572	–
HOMA IR	10.45 ± 1.15	–	14.47	14.07 ± 7.01	37.42 ± 8.84*	16.37 ± 2.60	20.31 ± 8.93	38.11	–
Female
n	17	0	1	0	1	2	2	1	1
Body weight (g)	270 ± 5.73	–	330	–	370	230 ± 10	290 ± 50	250	290
BMI (kg/m2)	5.18 ± 0.08	–	6.72	–	7.31	5.70 ± 0.94	5.95 ± 0.76	5.95	5.99
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.71 ± 0.07	–	2.22	–	2.27	2.79 ± 0.26	2.17 ± 0.01*	3.25	2.71
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	4.88 ± 0.15	–	5.00	–	5.05	5.00 ± 0.47	4.50 ± 0.67	4.44	4.39
Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	5.72 ± 0.09	–	9.27	–	15.21	6.72 ± 0.72	9.38 ± 3.44*	4.04	6.94
Insulin (pmol/L)	168 ± 38	–	110	–	480	190 ± 23	214 ± 60	–	291
HOMA IR	7.26 ± 1.99	–	4.04	–	17.79	6.26 ± 1.42	7.73 ± 2.61	–	15.62

All results were expressed as mean ± SEM

F ₀, parental group; F ₁, offspring generation; M _HFD × F _HFD, offspring from HFD male and HFD female; M _HFD × F _CON, offspring from HFD male and control female; M _CON × F _HFD, offspring from control male and HFD female; CON diet, control diet; HFD, high-fat/high-fructose diet; BMI, body mass index; HOMA IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment: insulin resistance

Mean values significantly differ from the control, * P < 0.05, tested by Dunnett’s test