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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2015 Jan;15(1):491. doi: 10.1007/s11882-014-0491-z

Figure 1. Model of the pathogenesis of autoimmune valvular carditis.

Figure 1

CD4+ T cells, with the help of VCAM-1, and macrophages extravasate across the endothelium into the valve interstitium. Th1 and Th17 effector CD4+ T cell lineages are characterized by the production of IFNγ and IL-17, respectively. Macrophages, in some cases stimulated by antibodies engaging activating Fc receptors, release the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF, and IL-1.