Table 1.
Models of autoimmune endocarditis and their associated immune mediators
| Model | Human Disease | Cellular Infiltrate | Immune Mediators |
|---|---|---|---|
| Streptococcus or Streptococal M protein-induced carditis | Rheumatic heart disease | CD4+ T cells of Th1 and Th17 effector lineage Macrophages |
TNF IFNγ IL-6 IL-10 IL-17 |
| K/BxN mouse | Rheumatoid arthritis and valvular carditis | CD4+ T cells Macrophages Tregs |
Fcγ receptors IFNγ IL-17 |
| IL-1ra-deficient mouse | Rheumatoid arthritis and aortitis Or DIRA |
Macrophages T cells |
TNF IL-1 |
| IL-23 Overexpression | Spondyloarthropathy and aortic root valve inflammation | CD4+ T cells of Th17 effector lineage Macrophages |
IL-6 IL-17 IL-22 |
Abbreviations: DIRA: deficiency of IL-1 receptor antagonist; IFNγ: interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; Th: helper T cell; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; Treg: regulatory T cell