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. 2015 May 22;9:23. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00023

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Copyright © 2015 Tao, Zhang, Xiong and Zhou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Different modes of in vivo patch-clamp recording. (A) Representative in vivo patch-clamp setups for anesthetized, awaking and behaving animals. (B) Demonstration of blind patch and two-photon-guided patch. (C) Procedures and different recording modes of in vivo patch clamp (blind patch). When the pipette approaches a nearby cell, heartbeat-associated changes become notable in test pulses. Releasing positive pressure allows the pipette tip to form a loose seal or a giga seal for loose-patch recording or whole-cell recording, respectively. After giga seal formation, the cell membrane can then be broken for either current-clamp recording or voltage-clamp recording. (D) Two different methods for visually guided in vivo patch clamp: shadow patch and labeled-neuron-guided patch.