Table 1.
Sample Characteristics (N=5476)*
| Restraints N=890 | No restraints N=4586 | Total N=5476 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||||
| Age, years (mean, SD) | 70.96 | 11.5 | 69.9 | 11.4 | |
| Race/ethnicity | 4908 | ||||
| Hispanic, white | 3 | 0.4 | 4 | 0.1 | 7 |
| Hispanic, black | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 |
| American Indian | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Black | 248 | 30.1 | 1442 | 35.3 | 1690 |
| Asian | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| White | 569 | 69.1 | 2632 | 64.4 | 3201 |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Gender (n=5341) | 5341 | ||||
| Male | 866 | 98.6 | 4380 | 98.1 | 5246 |
| Female | 12 | 1.4 | 83 | 1.9 | 95 |
| Most recent income (n=5705) | 5705 | ||||
| Below $10,000 | 304 | 35.3 | 1559 | 35.5 | 1863 |
| $10,000–$19,999 | 260 | 30.2 | 1300 | 29.6 | 1560 |
| $20,000–$29,999 | 116 | 13.5 | 582 | 13.3 | 698 |
| $30,000 or more | 182 | 21.1 | 948 | 21.6 | 1130 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Terminal condition | |||||
| Cancer | 189 | 21.2 | 1459 | 31.8 | 1648 |
| Dementia | 90 | 10.1 | 366 | 8 | 456 |
| Lung disease | 74 | 8.3 | 362 | 7.9 | 436 |
| Heart disease | 209 | 23.5 | 893 | 19.5 | 1102 |
| Kidney disease | 46 | 5.2 | 239 | 5.2 | 285 |
| Liver disease | 69 | 7.8 | 258 | 5.6 | 327 |
| Stroke | 65 | 7.3 | 331 | 7.2 | 396 |
| HIV | 7 | 0.8 | 77 | 1.7 | 84 |
| Other acute illness | 77 | 8.6 | 263 | 5.7 | 340 |
| None/unexpected death | 64 | 7.2 | 338 | 7.4 | 402 |
| Processes of care | |||||
| Location of death | |||||
| Emergency department | 1 | 0.1 | 88 | 1.7 | 89 |
| Intensive care (ICU, SICU) | 556 | 52 | 1802 | 31.6 | 2358 |
| General medicine floor | 255 | 28.7 | 1784 | 38.9 | 2039 |
| Surgery floor | 36 | 4 | 213 | 4.6 | 249 |
| Palliative care unit | 14 | 1.6 | 238 | 5.2 | 252 |
| Other (sudden death, in procedure, in transit) | 28 | 3.2 | 461 | 8.9 | 489 |
| Advance directive | 313 | 35.2 | 1798 | 39.2 | 2111 |
| Palliative care consultation | 87 | 9.8 | 835 | 18.2 | 922 |
| Family present in hospital (n=5342) | 400 | 45.8 | 1960 | 43.9 | 2360 |
| Pastoral care visit | 556 | 63.7 | 2567 | 57.4 | 3123 |
*
Between groups p-values not meaningful because parent study was a stepwedge design cluster analysis with data influenced by site and time in a manner that cannot be adequately controlled for in this analysis.