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. 2015 May 22;5:10387. doi: 10.1038/srep10387

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Block diagram of the (a) TIS, (b) AD and (c) Martin models: Q is the volume flow rate; for the Martin model, f represents volume flow rate fraction of each strand, and the dead volume (V_d) = total volume (V_t) - 1st strand region (V₁) - 2nd strand region (V₂) - … - sth strand region (V_s).