Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of large animals defect models

Defect Type	Animal Model	Advantages	Disadvantages
Furcation/infrabony periodontal defect	Dog & Monkey	Surgical Acute-chronic short time to be created-less expensive standardized morphological characteristics do not regenerate spontaneously (chronic) class II–III furcation bilateral similar defect horizontal defect allows an estimation of the origin of the newly formed tissue solid database describing healing (dog) minimal palatal recession (monkey) Ligature-induced microbiological features similar to humans morphological features similar to humans do not regenerate spontaneously can make similar lesions as control in contralateral defects	Surgical Acute do not reproduce inflammatory/infective conditions spontaneous partial regeneration (monkey) Surgical Chronic soft tissues compromised variable amount of connective tissue regeneration Ligature-induced non-predictable disease development non-standardized defect morphology (dog) require time to be created & expensive
Alveolar socket	Dog & Monkey	easy and fast to perform reproduce well the events occurring in bone healing	rapid bone repair compared to human (dog)
Infrabony peri-implant defect	Dog & Monkey	Surgically created short-time needed to be generated defect standard morphology-dimension Ligature-induced morphological and microbiological similarities with humans	Surgically created spontaneous regeneration Ligature-induced spontaneous partial regeneration long time required to generate defect
Supra-alveolar peri-implant defect	Dog	limited spontaneous regeneration reproducibly created	requires space-providing devices

Reproduced from (95), with permission.