Table 1.
Patient characteristics and diagnostic accuracy: bivariate analysis
| Patient characteristics | Patients (n=1,214) | Inadequate diagnosis (n=623) | Adequate diagnosis (n=591) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)* | 66.4 (9.7) | 66.0 (9.9) | 66.8 (9.5) | 0.14 |
| Male | 955 (78.8%) | 478 (76.7%) | 477 (81.3%) | 0.053 |
| Time elapsed since diagnosis (years)* | 8.01 (7.2) | 9.04 (8.2) | 6.9 (5.7) | 0.004 |
| Active smokers | 318 (26.5%) | 167 (27.2%) | 151 (25.7%) | 0.55 |
| Smoking history (packs/year)* | 36.3 (20.8) | 32.1 (19.3) | 40.7 (21.4) | <0.0001 |
| Presence of other COPD risk factors | 231 (19.2%) | 129 (20.9%) | 102 (17.4%) | 0.12 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)* | 27.7 (4.1) | 28.2 (3.8) | 27.2 (4.3) | <0.0001 |
| Dyspnea (mMRC scale)* | 1.53 (0.8) | 1.49 (0.8) | 1.59 (0.8) | 0.10 |
| Presence of chronic sputum | 876 (74.2%) | 450 (74.9%) | 426 (76.6%) | 0.60 |
| Exacerbations in the past year* | 2.32 (1.9) | 2.52 (2.0) | 2.11 (1.8) | <0.0001 |
| Hospitalizations in the past year* | 0.08 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.05 (0.3) | 0.55 |
| Score on CAT questionnaire* | 18.3 (7.6) | 18.4 (7.4) | 18.1 (7.8) | 0.31 |
| Number of comorbidities* | 2.8 (1.8) | 3.03 (1.9) | 2.6 (1.7) | <0.0001 |
| Sleep apnea | 258 (21.5%) | 146 (23.7%) | 112 (19.2%) | 0.06 |
| Hypertension | 747 (63.2%) | 404 (65.7%) | 353 (60.5%) | 0.06 |
| Heart failure | 154 (12.7%) | 93 (14.9%) | 61 (10.3%) | 0.01 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 129 (10.6%) | 76 (12.2%) | 53 (10.6%) | 0.06 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 61 (5.0%) | 34 (5.5%) | 27 (4.6%) | 0.47 |
| Gastroduodenal ulcer | 106 (8.7%) | 65 (10.4%) | 41 (6.9%) | 0.03 |
| Chronic liver disease | 51 (4.2%) | 29 (4.7%) | 22 (3.7%) | 0.41 |
| Diabetes | 271 (22.3%) | 159 (24.1%) | 121 (20.5%) | 0.13 |
| Dyslipidemia | 603 (50.3%) | 334 (54.3%) | 269 (46.1) | 0.005 |
| Active malignancy | 48 (4.0%) | 19 (3%) | 29 (4.9) | 0.09 |
| Treated with short-acting bronchodilators | 514 (42.3%) | 239 (38.4%) | 275 (46.5%) | 0.004 |
| Treated with long-acting bronchodilators | 1,073 (88.4) | 525 (84.3%) | 548 (92.7%) | <0.0001 |
| Treated with inhaled corticosteroids | 635 (52.3%) | 302 (48.5%) | 333 (56.3%) | 0.006 |
| Treated with methylxanthines | 69 (5.7%) | 31 (5.0%) | 38 (6.4%) | 0.27 |
| Treated with mucolytics | 331 (27.1%) | 178 (28.6%) | 173 (25.9%) | 0.29 |
| Home oxygen therapy | 181 (15.4%) | 97 (16.2%) | 84 (14.5%) | 0.42 |
| Pulmonary rehabilitation | 181 (15.9%) | 93 (15.7%) | 88 (15.6%) | 0.94 |
Note:
*
Expressed as mean (standard deviation).
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; CAT, COPD Assessment Test.