Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics for Demographics, Family Functioning, and Physical Aggression by Ethnicity
| African American | Hispanic | White | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 862 (70%) | N = 184 (15%) | N = 186 (15%) | ||
| Demographics | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Low SES | 403 (47)a | 85 (46)b | 55 (30)ab | |
| Adult Male Present | 479 (56)ab | 141 (77)a | 139 (75)b | |
| Family Functioning | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
| W-1 Cohesion | 3.13 (0.44) | 3.10 (0.44) | 3.09 (0.45) | |
| W-1 Monitoring | 3.02 (0.44) | 3.00 (0.43) | 3.00 (0.43) | |
| W-6 Cohesion | 2.98 (0.48) | 2.96 (0.45) | 2.95 (0.47) | |
| W-6 Monitoring | 2.91 (0.54) | 2.89 (0.48) | 2.96 (0.46) | |
| Physical Aggression | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
| W-1 | 1.81 (0.84) | 1.86 (0.84) | 1.76 (0.86) | |
| W-6 | 1.85 (0.96) | 1.91 (0.94)a | 1.67 (0.82)a | |
Notes. Superscripts indicate significant differences between ethnic groups. Low SES indicates participant’s family is below the poverty line. W-1 = Wave 1; baseline; fall of sixth grade. W-6 = Wave 6; spring of eighth grade. Cohesion is measured using combined parental and adolescent-report on the Family Relationships Scale (FRS; Tolan et al., 1997). Monitoring is measured using combined parental and adolescent-report on the Pittsburgh Youth Survey (PYS; Thornberry et al., 1995). Physical aggression is measured using adolescent-report on the Problem Behavior Frequency Scale (PBFS; Farrell et al., 2000).