Figure 3.

a–d Plots of the RMSEs and RDSEs across the four true–fitted initial condition specifications and two sample size configurations. F–F Fixed–fixed, F–R fixed–random, R–F random–fixed, R–R random–random. The numbers in the plots indicate parameter type: 1 fixed effects dynamic parameters, including ζ₀, ζ₁, ζ₂, μ_x1, and μ_x2, 2 measurement parameters, including the intercept parameters μ₁–μ₃ and factor loadings λ₂₁ and λ₃₁, 3 the random effect variance for the amplification parameter, ${\sigma }_{b_{\zeta }}^2$, and 4 random effect variance and covariances for the initial conditions, including ${\sigma }_{b_{x1}}^2,{\sigma }_{b_{x2}}^2$ and σ_bx1,x2. To avoid skewing the graphical presentation of results from the remaining conditions, the high RMSEs and RDSEs for ${\sigma }_{b_{\zeta }}^2$ (i.e., parameter type 3) in the R–F condition were omitted from the plots.