Table 3.
Adjusted HRs and 95 % CIs of Independent Associations of an Initial Hypertension Diagnosis (≥140/90 mmHg) and Antihypertensive Medication Initiation Among Individuals with Diabetes (n = 771)
| Patient characteristics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis | Treatment | |||
| Adjusted HR (95 % CI) | P value | Adjusted HR (95 % CI) | p value | |
| Age | ||||
| Age < 40 years | – | – | ||
| Age 40–59 years | 1.35 (0.86–2.11) | 0.19 | 1.22 (0.79–1.89) | 0.38 |
| Age ≥ 60 years | 1.42 (0.87–2.32) | 0.16 | 1.08 (0.67–1.74) | 0.77 |
| Male | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | 0.17 | 1.10 (0.84–1.46) | 0.49 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | – | – | ||
| Non-white* | 1.28 (0.87–1.90) | 0.21 | 1.27 (0.86–1.88) | 0.22 |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Current tobacco use | – | – | ||
| Non-smoker/former tobacco use | 1.04 (0.72–1.51) | 0.82 | 1.16 (0.82–1.65) | 0.40 |
| Medicaid, ever† | 1.62 (1.07–2.45) | 0.02 | 1.43 (0.94–2.16) | 0.10 |
| Stage 2 hypertension‡ | 1.15 (0.80–1.66) | 0.44 | 0.98 (0.68–1.40) | 0.91 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Microvascular complications of diabetes§ | 1.26 (0.74–2.15) | 0.39 | 0.94 (0.54–1.63) | 0.82 |
| Baseline dyslipidemia | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 0.96 | 1.10 (0.83–1.45) | 0.52 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.22 (0.85–5.85) | 0.11 | 2.86 (1.26–6.48) | 0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0.23 (0.06–0.95) | 0.04 | 0.19 (0.05–0.79) | 0.02 |
| Ischemic heart disease‖ | 1.48 (0.76–2.87) | 0.25 | 2.77 (1.52–5.05) | 0.001 |
| Low prevalence indicator¶ | 0.79 (0.42–1.47) | 0.46 | 1.38 (0.81–2.34) | 0.23 |
| Baseline ambulatory visit counts, annual | ||||
| Primary care visits | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.81 | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.73 |
*Non-White ethnicities: African American (8.0 %); Hispanic/Latino (3.1 %); Asian (2.0 %); Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (0.9 %); American Indian/Alaska Native (0.1 %); Unknown (2.5 %)
†On Medicaid during the baseline or study period
‡Stage of hypertension is defined using JNC-7 criteria
§An indicator variable was created for microvascular disease that consists of the presence of chronic kidney disease and/or eye disease
‖An indicator variable was created for ischemic heart disease that consists of the presence of congestive heart failure and/or ischemic heart disease
¶Due to low prevalence, an indicator variable was created for the presence of any of the following comorbidities: dementia, collagen vascular disease, malignancy
Bold denotes p < 0.05