TABLE III.

Summary of results from within-subject RM-ANOVA of F1 production for each talker in the experimental (CI-simulation) group. Effect size estimates (η²) and p-values are given in lieu of full statistical results; α-criterion for significance, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, is α = 0.0055. Significant results at this level are shown in bold black font. Directions of change in vowel quality are given for those speakers whose results had η²≥ 0.20. “Raising” indicates phonological raising (F1 decreases), while “lowering” indicates phonological lowering (F1 increases).

Subject	Epoch main effect			Vowel × epoch
	η2	p	Direction	η2	p	Direction
S1	0.302	0.040	Raising	0.361	<0.001	[æ, ɑ] raising
S2	0.519	0.006	Raising	0.318	0.028	[æ, ɑ] raising
S4	0.551	0.018	Raising	0.394	0.014	[æ, ɑ] raising
S6	0.060	0.505		0.084	0.428
S7	0.537	0.010	Lowering	0.386	0.005	[i, u] lowering
S10	0.673	<0.001	Raising	0.486	<0.001	[æ, ɑ] raising
S11	0.612	<0.001	Lowering	0.207	0.044	[i] lowering
S12	0.455	0.004	Lowering	0.212	0.038	[i, u] lowering
S13	0.254	0.072	Lowering	0.044	0.716