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Time-reversible control was achieved through the change of rotational direction of artificial cilia. Induced maximum and minimum flow velocity values along the microchannel centerline (at a depth of 400 μm above the microchannel bottom) were plotted over each 1 s time window at the recording frame rates of 200 (a) and 40 Hz (b). Rotational speed was 40 Hz with clockwise rotation in the first 3 s and counterclockwise rotation in the other time frames.
