Table 2.

Case finding methods used in studies of course and outcome of psychoses in low and middle income countries

Authors	Year	Location	Sample	Case finding methodsa
Menezes et al.	1993	São Paulo, Brazil	n = 124 Any psychosis Age 15–44 years Prevalent cases	Hospital admissions Cases identified through three psychiatric hospitals and the psychiatric ward of the general hospital in the study catchment area in Sao Paulo, Brazil
Ran et al.	2001	Sichuan, China	n = 510 Schizophrenia No age criteria Prevalent cases	Community survey A cross-sectional survey of rural communities in the six townships of Xinjin County, China
Kebede et al.	2004	Butajira, Ethiopia	n = 318 Schizophrenia Age 15–49 years Prevalent cases	Community survey A two-stage community survey of rural communities in Butajira, Ethiopia. First-stage screen; second-stage assessment of screen positives and proportion of screen negatives
Kulhara et al.	1978	Chandigarh, India	n = 174 Schizophrenia Age15–60 years Incident cases	Hospital admissions and outpatient clinics Cases identified through the Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh, India
Kulhara et al.	1986	Chandigarh, India	n = 112 Schizophrenia Age 15–56 years Prevalent cases	Hospital admissions and outpatient clinics Members of the Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, were asked to refer patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia to the research team
Verghese et al.	1990	Multi-site study, India	n = 386 Schizophrenia (with duration of illness of less than 2 years) Age 15–45 years Incident cases	Outpatient clinics Consecutive patients who attended the psychiatry clinics of the participating centres
Thara et al.	1994	Madras Longitudinal Study, India	n = 90 Schizophrenia Age 15–45 years Incident cases	Hospital admissions or outpatient clinics Patients seen at the Department of Psychiatry, Government General Hospital, Madras, India
Padmavati et al.	1998	Chennai, India	n = 261 Any psychosis Mean age 36 years Prevalent cases	Community Survey Door-to-door survey of two residential areas with a population of around 100,000
Murthy et al.	2005	Rural Karnataka, India	n = 100 Schizophrenia Age: not specified Prevalent cases	Outpatient clinics Patients attending eight outreach clinics and who were drug naive or had discontinued treatment after initial contact and had not received antipsychotic treatment for the previous 6 months
Kurihara et al.	2000	Bali, Indonesia	n = 59 Schizophrenia Mean age 27 years (unclear if this is at baseline or 5-year follow-up) Prevalent cases	Hospital admissions Consecutive patients with no prior admissions admitted to Bangli State Mental Hospital
Hickling et al.	1995	Jamaica	n = 317 Non-affective psychoses Age 15–54 years Incident cases	Outpatient clinics and community services All patients presenting to mental health services for the first time
Makanjoula et al.	1987	Ilesa, NIgeria	n = 116 Schizophreniform Age: not specified Prevalent cases	Hospital admissions Consecutive new patients presenting to a psychiatric unit
Oosthuizen et al.	2005	Cape Town, South Africa	n = 57 Non-affective psychoses Age 16–55 years Incident cases	Hospital admissions Individuals with a first-episode psychosis presenting to the Stikland–Tygerberg Hospital
Bhugra et al.	1996	Trinidad	n = 56 Any psychosis Age 15–54 years Incident cases	Hospital admissions, outpatient clinics and community services All patients with a possible psychosis presenting to mental health services (including prison in-reach service, the private sector, and mental health officers) for a first time
Ganev et al.	1998	Sofia, Bulgaria	n = 60 Any psychosis Age 16–45 years Prevalent cases	Hospital admissions and outpatient clinics Cases with an onset of illness of less than 2 years at the time of assessment
Hopper et al.	2007	China	n = 89 Schizophrenia Mean age 42 years Prevalent cases	Community survey Persons living in 8 defined urban catchment areas and diagnosed with schizophrenia in the first national epidemiological survey of mental disorders in 1982
Hopper et al.	2007	Cali, Colombia (WHO IPSS Study)	n = 101 Schizophrenia Age 15–45 years Mainly incident cases	Hospital admissions Inpatients San Isidro Psychiatric Hospital; 90 % was first episode
Hopper et al.	2007	Agra, India (WHO IPSS Study)	n = 140 Schizophrenia Age 15–45 years Prevalent cases	Outpatient clinics Patients attending the outpatient department of Agra Mental Hospital
Jablensky et al. (WHO Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders Study)	1992	Multi-Country	n = 586 from developing countries (Agra, Cali Chandigarh, Ibadan) Any psychosis Age 15–54 years Incident cases	All mental health services, healers and informants In addition, mental health facilities outside the study catchment areas were monitored; leakage studies were conducted. Details of screening of healers and informants are limited (a) Centres that applied the case finding without modification: Aarhus (Denmark), Chandigarh (India), Dublin (Ireland), Honolulu (Hawaii), Moscow (Soviet Union), Nagasaki (Japan) and Nottingham (UK) (b) Centres that had to introduce modifications: Agra (India); Cali (Colombia); Ibadan (Nigeria); Prague (Czechoslovakia); Rochester (USA)

Incident cases refer to samples of first episode or first contact cases

^aWe provide as much details as we could glean from published reports