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. 2015 Apr 22;101(6):1206–1215. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.096016

TABLE 2.

Selected characteristics of 587 control subjects by quintile of serum DBP concentration1

Serum DBP quintile
Characteristics 1 (<3670.4 nmol/L) 2 (≥3670.4 to <4818.58 nmol/L) 3 (≥4818.58 to <5804.71 nmol/L) 4 (≥5804.71 to <7149.43 nmol/L) 5 (≥7149.43 nmol/L) P2
Age, y 64.77 ± 0.443 64.46 ± 0.50 64.43 ± 0.51 64.90 ± 0.44 64.54 ± 0.47 0.94
Male sex, % 69.49 58.26 72.50 60.68 49.57 0.008
Serum DBP, nmol/L 2868.72 ± 54.70 4305.28 ± 33.00 5328.67 ± 27.51 6435.29 ± 35.71 9398.64 ± 181.30 <0.0001
Serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L 60.87 ± 2.31 60.70 ± 1.96 64.56 ± 2.20 66.15 ± 1.79 64.48 ± 1.99 0.23
Season of blood draw: sunny season,4 % 47.46 41.74 39.17 50.43 49.57 0.38
Residential sun exposure at study entry5 <0.0001
 Low sun 49.15 49.57 36.67 55.56 41.88
 Moderate sun 30.51 45.22 56.67 39.32 51.28
 High sun 20.34 5.22 6.67 5.13 6.84
Race, n (%) <0.00016
White, non-Hispanic 71.19 93.04 93.33 96.58 96.58
 Black, non-Hispanic 10.17 2.16 0.00 1.71 0.85
 Hispanic 2.54 0.87 2.50 0.00 0.85
 Asian/Pacific Islander 16.10 3.48 4.17 1.71 1.71
Height, cm
 Male 177.52 ± 0.92 177.69 ± 0.72 177.48 ± 0.71 179.37 ± 0.67 177.71 ± 0.85 0.39
 Female 161.71 ± 1.55 163.46 ± 0.89 161.02 ± 1.00 162.45 ± 0.90 162.22 ± 0.69 0.54
BMI, kg/m2 26.88 ± 0.42 26.86 ± 0.39 27.31 ± 0.43 26.87 ± 0.36 26.51 ± 0.39 0.73
WHO cutoffs, % 0.85
 <25.0 kg/m2 35.59 32.17 32.50 34.19 42.74
 ≥25.0 and <30.0 kg/m2 44.92 47.83 45.83 46.15 41.03
 ≥30.0 kg/m2 19.49 20.00 21.67 19.66 16.24
Smoking status, % 0.93
 Never 51.69 51.30 49.17 52.99 43.59
 Former
  Quit ≥15 y 27.97 30.43 25.85 26.50 34.19
  Quit <15 y 12.71 11.30 18.33 13.68 14.53
 Current 7.63 6.96 6.67 6.84 7.69
History of diabetes mellitus, % 11.86 10.43 7.50 6.84 5.13 0.03
Family history of pancreatic cancer, % 4.24 3.48 0.00 2.56 3.42 0.59
Dietary intake per day7
 Red meat, g 85.18 ± 7.16 84.77 ± 5.05 73.60 ± 5.28 80.15 ± 4.45 78.00 ± 4.32 0.51
 Alcohol, g 12.55 ± 2.62 8.55 ± 1.48 15.06 ± 3.53 8.96 ± 1.48 10.07 ± 2.10 0.26
 Nutrients
  Vitamin D, μg
   Food 5.32 ± 0.25 5.72 ± 0.32 5.87 ± 0.30 6.19 ± 0.27 5.73 ± 0.31 0.34
   Supplemental 5.87 ± 0.78 7.41 ± 0.92 5.17 ± 0.63 7.00 ± 0.91 7.89 ± 1.00 0.14
   Total 11.23 ± 0.85 13.12 ± 0.99 11.08 ± 0.73 13.18 ± 0.91 12.59 ± 1.06 0.15
  Calcium, mg
   Food 946.36 ± 32.50 1034.20 ± 38.45 1012.70 ± 38.93 1047.54 ± 34.78 1033.36 ± 37.40 0.31
   Supplemental 212.98 ± 31.89 225.85 ± 33.76 214.42 ± 32.77 264.70 ± 33.21 338.37 ± 41.24 0.05
   Total 1164.51 ± 46.80 1259.79 ± 52.68 1233.18 ± 52.37 1312.20 ± 48.35 1366.15 ± 54.92 0.06
  Total vitamin A,8 RE 1888.64 ± 86.66 1761.83 ± 63.97 1744.32 ± 60.49 1806.84 ± 75.65 1768.45 ± 58.78 0.61
Vigorous physical activity of ≥4 h/wk, %7 27.12 19.13 30.00 29.91 22.22 0.95
1

DBP, vitamin D–binding protein; RE, retinol equivalents; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

2

Calculated using generalized linear models for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables, unless otherwise specified

3

Mean ± SD (all such values).

4

Sunny season was defined as June–October; low sun season was defined as November–May.

5

Residential regions based on ranges of UV radiation levels obtained from annual Robertson-Berger (R-B) meters in states in which screening centers are located: low sun (≤105 R-B meters; Detroit, MI; Minneapolis, MN; and Marshfield, WI), moderate sun (113–134 R-B meters; Pittsburgh, PA; St. Louis, MO; Denver, CO; Washington, DC; and Salt Lake City, UT), and high sun (≥154 R-B meters; Birmingham, AL, and Honolulu, HI) (13).

6

Calculated by using Fisher’s exact test due to small cell sizes for non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander study participants.

7

Based on data for n = 554 controls; 33 controls had missing dietary questionnaires, missing data for all the dietary variables, or missing physical activity data. All foods and nutrients were energy adjusted except for supplements and alcohol.

8

Total vitamin A includes vitamin A from food and supplements.