Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted models assessing odds of pre-pregnancy contraceptive use among currently pregnant women living in Bangladesh, India and Nepal (n=4,738).
| Traditional | Modern | Traditional | Modern | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR1 (95% CI) | OR1 (95% CI) | aOR2 (95% CI) | aOR2 (95% CI) | |
| Ever IPV | ||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sexual only | 1.60 (0.63, 4.03) | 1.37 (0.73, 2.56) | 1.97 (0.74, 5.23) | 2.32 (1.24, 4.36) |
| Physical only | 0.95 (0.65, 1.39) | 0.85 (0.64, 1.12) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.28) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.31) |
| Sexual and physical | 2.10 (1.33, 3.32) | 1.03 (0.66, 1.61) | 1.85 (1.12, 3.07) | 1.62 (0.98, 2.66) |
| Number of living children | ||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 3.37 (2.17, 5.26) | 4.07 (2.98, 5.55) | 3.32 (2.03, 5.41) | 4.75 (3.31, 6.81) |
| 2 | 2.55 (1.57, 4.14) | 2.94 (2.04, 4.25) | 2.42 (1.37, 4.25) | 4.89 (3.01, 7.96) |
| 3 or more | 1.82 (1.09, 3.07) | 2.18 (1.52, 3.13) | 1.66 (0.86, 3.22) | 5.20 (3.10, 8.71) |
| Time since first month of index pregnancy (months) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) |
| Age at interview | ||||
| 15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20–24 | 2.45 (1.50, 4.00) | 2.48 (1.70, 3.64) | 1.91 (1.10, 3.33) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.75) |
| 25–29 | 1.92 (1.15, 3.20) | 2.96 (1.99, 4.40) | 1.57 (0.87, 2.87) | 1.15 (0.72, 1.82) |
| 30–49 | 2.82 (1.60, 4.99) | 3.07 (1.98, 4.76) | 2.83 (1.34, 5.95) | 1.13 (0.65, 1.97) |
| Education level | ||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 1.02 (0.63, 1.66) | 1.58 (1.08, 2.31) | 1.22 (0.73, 2.07) | 1.67 (1.10, 2.52) |
| Secondary or higher | 1.20 (0.83, 1.73) | 3.29 (2.54, 4.26) | 1.69 (1.02, 2.80) | 2.97 (2.08, 4.23) |
| Spousal education level | ||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 0.88 (0.53, 1.48) | 1.69 (1.16, 2.48) | 0.95 (0.56, 1.61) | 1.33 (0.87, 2.03) |
| Secondary or higher | 1.01 (0.67, 1.53) | 2.77 (2.02, 3.81) | 0.98 (0.58, 1.66) | 1.45 (0.97, 2.18) |
| Age at marriage | ||||
| <15 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 15–17 | 1.11 (0.71, 1.75) | 1.34 (0.96, 1.86) | 1.08 (0.68, 1.73) | 1.19 (0.83, 1.71) |
| ≥18 | 1.10 (0.71, 1.69) | 2.03 (1.47, 2.79) | 1.08 (0.64, 1.81) | 1.42 (0.96, 2.10) |
| Relationship to household head | ||||
| Daughter-in-law | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Head | 0.67 (0.25, 1.82) | 0.46 (0.23, 0.95) | 0.50 (0.17, 1.48) | 0.58 (0.27, 1.26) |
| Wife | 1.04 (0.73, 1.49) | 1.11 (0.85, 1.43) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.24) | 1.12 (0.84, 1.50) |
| Daughter | 1.05 (0.54, 2.06) | 0.40 (0.24, 0.67) | 1.25 (0.63, 2.49) | 0.44 (0.25, 0.75) |
| Other | 0.32 (0.11, 0.95) | 1.10 (0.59, 2.05) | 0.35 (0.12, 1.07) | 1.12 (0.62, 2.01) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poorer | 1.06 (0.67, 1.68) | 1.54 (1.06, 2.23) | 1.00 (0.61, 1.62) | 1.32 (0.88, 1.99) |
| Middle | 0.88 (0.51, 1.51) | 1.64 (1.10, 2.44) | 0.70 (0.36, 1.35) | 1.15 (0.73, 1.80) |
| Richer | 0.85 (0.51, 1.42) | 2.82 (1.97, 4.05) | 0.58 (0.30, 1.11) | 1.58 (0.98, 2.53) |
| Richest | 0.96 (0.56, 1.64) | 4.94 (3.35, 7.30) | 0.57 (0.26, 1.28) | 2.41 (1.42, 4.09) |
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban | 1.07 (0.73, 1.55) | 2.29 (1.79, 2.92) | 1.19 (0.77, 1.85) | 1.28 (0.95, 1.72) |
Bold indicates p<0.05. Reference category is no pre-pregnancy contraceptive use.
1
Adjusted for country fixed effects.
2
Adjusted for country fixed effects and all variables shown.